Midterm Study Guide PDF

Midterm Study Guide Chapter 1 – Thinking About Delinquency 1. Be familiar with the definition of the term “juvenile” – does it always refer to someone under the age of 18? No, depends on where you at in the world and time period. It is someone committed by an individual under the age of 18 that vio...

Midterm Study Guide Chapter 1 – Thinking About Delinquency 1. Be familiar with the definition of the term “juvenile” – does it always refer to someone under the age of 18? No, depends on where you at in the world and time period. It is someone committed by an individual under the age of 18 that violates the penal code 2. What are the three attributes of juveniles mentioned in chapter 1? 1. Young, may not be responsible for their behavior as adults as they are less matured, causing bad behavior and that they are innocent and need protection 2. Juveniles need to be “saved”, we can rehabilitate them and teach them how to follow the rules and treat others fairly 3. Believe juveniles are innocent and in need of our protection including protection from other adults, dangerous events, and other juveniles 3. Know what the term “status offense” refers to and understand how to define a “chronic status offender” Status offenses: act that are not considered crimes and for which adults cannot get in trouble, but that society does not want juveniles doing EX: drinking, running away Chronic status offenses: those who engage in repeated and systematic behavior even after the behavior has been addressed by school, family, or a social service agency. 4. What is the normative conception of delinquency? Delinquency is a violation of norms, rules or the law. Delinquency is caused by biological, psychological, environmental, or social factors that impact individuals or communities. 5. Know the difference between folkways, mores, and laws. Folkways: everyday norms that do not generate much uproar if they are violated. EX: standing too close to someone, or picking your nose Mores: “moral” norms that may generate more outrage if broken EX: drinking too much, homelessness, and unemployment Laws: formal sanction Deviance and delinquency become a violation of a rule understood by the majority of the group This rule may be minor, in which case the individual is seen as fairly harmless, or the rule may be major, in which case the individual is seen as “criminal.” 6. Why is the idea of “rehabilitation” important regarding our treatment of juveniles? we believe that juveniles can still be “saved.” In other words, we can rehabilitate them and teach them how to follow the rules and treat each other fairly.  - Ironically, this means that we have often treated them more harshly than adults in an attempt to teach them how to be better adults - We are less inclined to talk about saving adults 7. What is the “cradle-to-prison pipeline”? refers to issues that make it more likely that a child will go to jail/prison. Chapter 2 – The Creation of Delinquency 1. How have ideas about youth and misbehavior changed over time? Ideas about youth and misbehavior, how to address it - change over time Like in ancient time, 16 year old’s had no formalized education-Difficult to generalize Are socially constructed differently in different places, in history, and in cultures around the world (Feld, 1999) --Notion of adolescence did not always exist, introduced in more contemporaries’ eras Created in light of social and economic changes that necessitated a new, more extended, experience of childhood 2. During which time period was there little distinction made between human beings based upon age? Ancient Times- youth were treated as poverty of their fathers. Corporal punishment was common and youth were beaten harshly 3. Which invention advanced the idea that education was important for children? Printing press, helped print textbooks, made it easier to read and it took a lot of time 4. Which institutions were created in the early 1800s to house youth who were ruled to be in need of care by the state and local courts? House of refuge 5. What is “parens patriae”? The concept that in some cases, the state is justified to step in and serve as a substitute parent. 6. Which philosophy rules the thinking of the time during the “Progressive Era”? Rehabilitative Philosophy 7. What is a “moral panic”? Scares about delinquency that have occurred over the course of U.S. history fears. Ex: news/entertainment exaggerating info a. Be familiar with different examples provided for each decade within the textbook & PowerPoint slides: Heavy Metal Music (Televangelist), Rap music (50 cent, Snoop Dogg), Tiktok Trends (doorkick challenge, bathroom challenge) GTA Chapter 3 – Understanding Delinquency 1. Know the difference between a “population” and a “sample” Population: compromised on every, all units, elements Sample: subset of the population of interest from which information or data is gathered 2. Know the difference between “inductive” and “deductive” reasoning Inductive reasoning: Reasoning that moves from specific observations (data) to broader generalizations (CREATE theory) based on those observations. § Smaller samples – often used in qualitative research Going from small phenomena to bigger idea Deductive reasoning: Reasoning from general ideas (theory) to more specific observations (data). § Larger samples – often used in quantitative research Going from bigger phenomena to smaller specific observation SO like getting data from ALL of Tampa, so using A LOT of data to answer 2 questions 3. Know the difference between “quantitative” and “qualitative” research Quantitative research = numbers Involves a great deal of analyses: percentages, counts, and fancy analyses like regression § Quantitative research starts with a hypothesis § A testable statement that provides a suggested relationship between variables Qualitative research is usually represented through words, pictures, objects, songs, and films § Involves interviewing, participant observation—More ONE ON ONE § Case studies, ethnography § Qualitative research is often inductive- smaller details/questions, more specific 4. What does it mean when we “clear” a crime? Means the crime category is closed because of arrest or exceptional means. ALSO tells us that 1. an individual has been arrested for the crime, 2. the offender is dead, 3. or the victim will not participate in the prosecution of the case 5. Be familiar with the importance of the UCR, NIBRS, NCVS, and Self-Report Surveys UCR: Uniform Crime Reports Data is no longer collected since only report 8 crimes known to police to was limited to underreporting dark figure of crime - was the longest data since 1930s FBI collects data from law enforcement, was longitudinal assessment so that was good NIBRS: National Incident-Based Reporting System Reports 46 crimes, rely on crime being reported before it can be tailed Bad since its not a measure of crime and delinquency behavior, it’s a measure of law enforcement policies and practices NCVS: National Crime Victimization Survey Designed to collect data on both household and personal victimization conducted every 6 months with roughly 49,000 household. -captures the dark figure of crime Good since more thorough reports on crime and victimization rates. However, likelihood of lie or exaggeration on levels of victimization Self-Report Surveys Focus on the offending behaviors that the individual has engaged in him or herself Good since it focuses on behaviors with youth Can be limited since may not be equal or valid across race, gender, or age *6. Be able to name a few “correlates of delinquency” Demographic Characteristics such as: Age Crime Curve 7. What happened with delinquency rates in the 1990s? Property-crime index arrest rates declined steadily for older juveniles and young adults Chapter 4 – Micro Level Theories 1. What is the primary focus of micro-level theories? Focus on characteristics of the individual, or social processes that have an effect on individual- level behavior. 2. Know the premise of Rational Choice Theory Premise: We are hedonistic. a. What is hedonism? Offenders act deliberately and in order to maximize their self-interests 3. Who popularized the idea of the “born criminal” and what did he call the characteristics or features that identified them? Lombroso, Atavistic: the belief that individuals may have certain characteristics that are throwbacks to earlier developmental stages of evolution Stigmata: the physical signs of atavism such as asymmetry of the face, large jaw or cheekbones, unusually large or small ears, fleshy lips, abnormal teeth 4. What are Sheldon’s three body types? Endomorphic: body type is soft and round with small bones, short limbs, and soft smooth skin. Seen as relaxed and outgoing, with a desire for comfort, food, and affection Ectomorphic: body type is fragile, thin, and delicate with poor muscles and weak bones. Seen as introverted, shy, restrained, and inhibited Mesomorphic: body type is muscled and strong, with an upright, hard, sturdy physique. Seen as more aggressive, motivated, insensitive. Majority of delinquents. 5. Be able to define “Id”, “Ego”, and “Superego” ID (or known as “it”): is the instinctual components of the personality, existing from both --Joker EGO: is considered the decision-making element of personality that develops to negotiate the impulsive desires of the id in reality—Batman Superego: where an individual’s conscience resides (ideal self)—harvey from Batman 6. Know the primary propositions of Differential Association Theory. 1)Criminal behavior is learned (not inherited). 2)When it is learned, it includes (a) techniques and (b) specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. 3)It is learned in interaction with others through communication (verbal and gestures; behavior does not need to be witnessed). 4)The specific direction of motives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable/unfavorable. 5)The principal part of learning occurs within intimate personal groups (media plays little role). 6)A person becomes delinquent with a higher ratio of pro-criminal definitions to anti-criminal definitions. 7. What is the focus of Social Control/Social Bonding theories? Explain that we need control, which can be in 2 forms formal or informal and the social bonding theory is informal. 8. What is the focus of Life Course and Developmental Criminology? Social bonds are considered at various stages of the life course. a. Know the difference between “trajectories” and “transitions” Trajectory is a pathway or line of development over a life span. Seen as a long-term patterns of behavior that is marked by a sequence of transitions. Transitions are shorter or specific life events embedded in a trajectory. b. Know the difference between “adolescence limited” and life-course persistent” Life course-persistent group includes people are predicted to be fairly consistent in their delinquent behavior. Adolescence -limited is when delinquency stems from social processes and over time, most will stop engaging in delinquent behavior. 9. From the perspective of Strain Theories, what are the three categories of strain that lead to negative emotional states? 1.The anticipation or actual failure to achieve a goal (not getting spot on team) 2. The anticipation or actual loss of positive stimulus (death, breakup) 3. The anticipated or actual presentation of negative stimulus (failing grades, public insults, physical assaults, discrimination) Chapter 5 – Macro Level Theories *1. What is the primary focus of macro-level theories of crime? 2. What is determinism? They claim that factors outside of the conscious control of individuals, chiefly the social organization of society and/or the environment, influence or determine delinquency. 3. What are the two types of macro level theories? Anomie Theory and Social Disorganization Theory 4. Durkheim introduced the concept of “anomie”. What does this term refer to? State of normlessness. Dismantling of guidance, breakdown of values à deviance What is a “social fact”? dimensions of social life… (like Christmas gifting) 5. What is the primary driver of crime from the theoretical perspective of Merton’s Anomie or Structural Strain Theory? a. Hint: $$ American Dream 6. Know the five adaptations to strain and be able to explain how they relate to “cultural goals” and “institutional/legitimate means” Conformity, acceptance cultural goals, acceptance of legitimate means Innovation, acceptance cultural goals, nonacceptance of legitimate means Ritualism, nonacceptance of cultural goals, acceptance of legitimate means Retreatism, non-acceptation of cultural goals, nonacceptance of legitimate means Rebellion, substitution of new goals and means of cultural goals, substitution of new goals and mean of legitimate means 7. From the perspective of Social Disorganization Theory, what is the primary cause of disorder or disorganization leading to crime? Natural habits affect our behavior 8. What is the “Concentric Zone Model” and which zones were the most likely to have high crime rates? The Concentric Zone Model reflects most street crimes happen in the Zone of Transition. Zone 2 had the highest level of crime because more traversed area, bunch of people going back and forth (included, more abandoned house, less important things) 9. What is “collective efficacy”? Social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on the behalf of the common good community, see if people in the community will interact. Staying in house seeing people steal, low collective efficacy so increase efficacy would be less crime (since keeping them away from crime) Chapter 6 – Critical Theories 1. What do all critical theories share an interest in? social power- our ability to make things happen (network, communicate) 2. Within Labeling Theory, what do the concepts of “primary deviance” and “secondary deviance” refer to? Primary Deviance - Why a person may have originally engaged in an act of deviance Secondary Deviance - the result of other people’s negative responses to an individual’s original act of “deviance” (IF you are caught or labeled can cause you to commit more) 3. What is “symbolic interactionism”? An individual’s identity and self-concept, cognitive processes, values, and attitudes are seen as existing only in the context of society acting, reacting, and changing in social interaction with others. 4. Be able to define Cooley’s concept of the “Looking Glass Self” Our self-concepts are reflections of others’ conceptions of us. “We are or become what we think others think we are” 5. What is Merton’s “self-fulfilling prophecy”? A significant other interacts with someone as if he or she were a certain type of person with certain characteristics, and that person then comes to take on those characteristics. For example, if a teacher expects a student to succeed, the student may be motivated to work harder, leading to actual success. Conversely, negative expectations can result in failure. 6. When talking about Conflict Theory, what do conflict theorists consider to be the primary cause of “class conflict”? Economic crime is to be expected in a system that dehumanizes and pits people against one another in the name of profit. 7. Know the difference between the “Bourgeoisie” and the “Proletariat” Bourgeoisie: the owners of the means of production Proletariat: those people who work for the owners, the workers 8. What is the goal of Feminist Theories of crime? Eliminate “androcentric science” (male-centered)/ Purpose was to examine the role of gender in delinquency/crime. Chapter 7 – Families in Context 1. Be able to identify the “three important trends” regarding the family that we discussed at the beginning of Chapter 7. Marriage, divorce, and unmarried birth rate 2. What is “family structure”? Whether the child is living in what is commonly thought of as a traditional household or whether the child is living in some other arrangement. 3. What do we mean when we refer to “family interactions” or “family process”? Whether the child is attached to his or her parents, or is supervised properly, for example. 4. Be able to define the four primary processes we discussed in class: Attachment, Supervision, Conflict, and Discipline Attachment: youth with greater attachment to parents, less likely to be involved in misbehavior. Supervision: increasing in supervision/monitoring there a less likely to deviate Conflict: conflict between family members Discipline: harsh, erratic, inconsistent discipline there more likely to engage in delinquency 5. What are the two types of child maltreatment and how do they differ? Abuse is characterized by overt aggression, and can be categorized in three ways: physical, emotional, and sexual. Neglect is characterized by deprivation or the failure to provide for a child’s basic needs and can also be categorized in three ways: physical, educational and emotional. 6. Know the importance of gender regarding parents in prison. How does the gender of the incarcerated person potentially influence the outcome of the juvenile? When a father is incarcerated, a significant majority of children are cared for by the other parent (88.4%). This means that although the arrest and incarceration of a parent might be extremely traumatic, it is not compounded by the trauma of also having new caregivers. In contrast, when mothers are incarcerated, only 37% of children remain with the other parent. -Who will care for the children during incarceration? -Who will end up in foster care? -Termination of parental rights, Depending on the length of a sentence and the ability to find proper childcare, a parent may lose their rights to raise their children. 7. Be familiar with the adverse experiences that children of incarcerated parents may Experience they are more likely to live with a caregiver that abuses drugs  experience sexual and physical abuse move residences (and caregivers) multiple times more likely to live in poverty in single parent households with inadequately educated caregivers and witness more domestic violence