PCQA Prelim Post Lab.pdf

PCQA Prelim PostLab Discussion Charlene M. Sta Ana, RPh Experiment Number Experiment Title 1 Common Laboratory Apparatus Jens Martensson 2 Common Laboratory Procedures 3...

PCQA Prelim PostLab Discussion Charlene M. Sta Ana, RPh Experiment Number Experiment Title 1 Common Laboratory Apparatus Jens Martensson 2 Common Laboratory Procedures 3 Matter 4 Physical and Chemical Change 5 Redox Reaction 2  Jens Martensson Common Laboratory Apparatus Experiment No. 1 3 Alcohol Lamp AKA: Spirit Lamp is a piece of laboratory equipment used to produce an open flame. It can be Jens Martensson made from brass, glass, stainless steel or aluminum. Their flame is limited to approximately 5 centimeters (two inches) in height, with a comparatively lower temperature than the gas flame of the Bunsen burner. 4 Aspirator AKA: Filter pump an apparatus for producing suction or moving or collecting materials by Jens Martensson suction. This is a device that is able to produce a vacuum by using the venturi effect. 5 Beaker A beaker is a container which is used for heating and stirring liquids in Jens Martensson laboratories. These are generally in cylindrical shape with a flat bottom. 6 Bunsen Burner A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of Jens Martensson laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. 7 Burette a graduated glass tube with a tap at one end, for delivering known volumes of a Jens Martensson liquid, especially in titrations. 8 Burette Clamp A buret clamp is chemical or biological laboratory equipment. It is used for Jens Martensson firmly holding test-tubes, burettes and other glassware in place when performing experiments such as titration. 9 Clay Triangle A clay triangle is a wire and ceramic triangle used to support a crucible while Jens Martensson it is heated over a Bunsen burner 10 Condenser Laboratory apparatus used to condense vapours back to liquid so that the liquid Jens Martensson can be recovered. It is used in distillation and in reactions where the liquid mixture can be kept boiling without the loss of solvent. 11 Crucible and Cover A crucible is a small container that is used to hold reactants during heating at Jens Martensson higher temperatures. The crucible lid covers it to ensure that nothing enters it during the reaction and that nothing also leaves during the reaction. 12 Crucible tongs crucible tongs are welded steel tools used to lift a hot crucible from a furnace Jens Martensson or for other items you may not want to handle with your hands. 13 Distilling Flask A distilling flask is a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to separate Jens Martensson mixtures of two liquids with different boiling points. 14 Medicine Dropper Medicine droppers are tools usually made from a long piece of glass or Jens Martensson plastic with a flexible rubber handle that is used to suction liquids in and out of the device. 15 Erlenmeyer Flask AKA: Conical or titration flask a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a Jens Martensson cylindrical neck. It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer The slanted sides and narrow neck of this flask allow the contents of the flask to be mixed by swirling, without risk of spillage, making them suitable for titrations by placing it under the buret 16 Evaporating Dish An evaporating dish is a glazed porcelain vessel used to heat and consequently Jens Martensson evaporate liquids. In this way experiments can increase a liquid's concentration. The dish is relatively shallow and features a lip to facilitate pouring the liquids. 17 Funnel Glass Funnel is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers Jens Martensson with a small opening. 18 Graduated Cylinder a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume Jens Martensson of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured. 19 Iron Clamp A clamp holder in a lab is used to secure an extension-type utility clamp Jens Martensson to a support stand or ring stand. It is also used in some instances to clamp a couple of support rods together, or to clamp an iron ring or other attachment to a metal bar. 20 Iron Ring In a chemistry laboratory, an iron ring is used to support flasks or funnels upright Jens Martensson in a stand. This is to enable the stability of the flask or funnel while testing is being performed. 21 Iron Stand AKA: Ring Stand A ring stand is used to provide support for other equipment and a means of Jens Martensson raising equipment above the work surface. 22 Mortar and Pestle A mortar and pestle is a tool used to grind and mix substances. The pestle is a Jens Martensson heavy small bat, made from porcelain, wood or other materials, whose rounded end is used for pounding and grinding. 23 Pipette AKA: Chemical Dropper These are small tubes of glass or plastic used to transfer a measurable amount Jens Martensson of liquid from one container to another. They come in two forms: volumetric pipettes, used to transfer a single specific volume of liquid,. measuring pipettes, used to transfer varying, measured volumes. 24 Platform Balance A platform balance is a laboratory apparatus which is used for weighing Jens Martensson objects. The balance has two platforms either mounted on or suspended from a cross-arm, and weights are placed on one platform until they balance the object being weighed. 25 Reagent Bottle It is used to put in chemical substances, solutions, or solvents. It is designed as Jens Martensson break resistant and is usually made up of heavy glass material. 26 Spatulas Laboratory spatulas are ideal for removing chemicals or compounds from Jens Martensson small bottles, and for applying cultures or other substances to slides for microscope viewing. It is also use to scrape away samples of biological materials, or chemical precipitates and residues. 27 Spot Plate a laboratory tool made either from ceramics or plastics. Each plate consists Jens Martensson of many cavity-like depressions in which only small amount of reactants can be added at a time. 28 Stirring Rod The function of a stirring rod is to mix or stir liquids. Mixing will speed up any Jens Martensson reaction that takes place in the test tube or flask. A glass stirring rod can also be used for decanting (pouring off) a liquid from a precipitate or sediment. 29 Test tube A test tube is a relatively slim glass or plastic vessel with a rounded bottom. Jens Martensson They are designed to hold small quantities of chemicals and feature a flared lip to make pouring easier. Test tubes can hold liquid or solid chemicals and can be used to contain small chemical reactions. 30 Test Tube Brush A test tube brush is used to clean out the bottom of a test tube. It made with Jens Martensson a long twisted shaft and nylon bristles. It slides easily into the test tube to clean out any debris. 31 Test Tube Holder Test tube holders are typically used when heating the test tube is necessary, Jens Martensson or for when caustic materials are being handled. 32 Test Tube Rack Test tube racks can be made of wood, metal, or plastic. Test tube racks are Jens Martensson used for holding test tubes upright when they contain chemicals, and also hold test tubes upside down to dry. 33 Thermometer An alcohol thermometer is a thermometer which utilizes the Jens Martensson expansion and contraction of alcohol in response to temperature changes to measure the temperature. A digital thermometer is an instrument that measures the body temperature and it uses electronic means to provide a digital display of the temperature reading. Mercury thermometer is a thermometer consisting of mercury in a glass tube. 34 Tripod This lab equipment is used to support and hold various flasks, beakers and Jens Martensson other glass ware when not in use and also during experiments. 35 Triple Beam Balance The triple beam balance is a type of scale that uses counterweights on a Jens Martensson three rider beams to counterbalance the sample in the pan. 36 Vials AKA: Phial / Flacon a small glass or plastic vessel or bottle, often used to store medication as Jens Martensson liquids, powders or capsules. 37 Watch Glass A laboratory watch glass is a circular piece of glass that is slightly, convex- Jens Martensson concave, which is used as a surface to evaporate a liquid in chemistry. It holds solid while being weighed, or acts as a cover for a beaker. It is applied to prevent dust or other particles, from entering the beaker. 38  Jens Martensson Common Laboratory Procedures Experiment No. 2 39 Handling Solutions Transferring Solutions When pouring contents from a reagent bottle into an open- Jens Martensson mouth container such as beaker, use a stirring rod. 40 Handling Solutions Opening a Reagent Bottle Remove the glass stopper by pulling it with the use of the Jens Martensson index and middle fingers, palm facing upward as shown in the figure. 41 Using the Laboratory Pipette 1. If a small portion of liquid is to be transferred Jens Martensson to another container, use a pipette or a medicine dropper. 2. Let the pipette be filled by means of capillary action. Using the Laboratory Pipette 3. To hold the liquid in, place the pointer finger at Jens Martensson the open end of the pipette. Using the Laboratory Pipette 4. If exact amounts of solution are needed, use Jens Martensson an aspirator. Press the aspirator and place it on top of the open end of the pipette. Using the Laboratory Pipette 5. Release some air to fill the pipette with the Jens Martensson solution according to the desired amount. 6. Position the laboratory pipette at 45◦ angle and carefully transfer the solution to another container. Heating Solutions in a Test Tube 1. Fill the test tube with half full of liquid to be Jens Martensson heated. 2. Use the test tube holder to hold the test tubes. 3. Make sure the test tube is positioned at 45 degrees angle when heating it. Heating Solutions in a Test Tube 4. Place it over the flame of the burner passing it back Jens Martensson and forth so that the flame strike the tube just below at the liquid level but never at the bottom of the tube. Heating Solutions in a Test Tube 5. Never point the open end of the tube to anyone Jens Martensson while heating the solutions in it. 6. Never look directly inside the tube that is being heated. Heating Solutions in a Test Tube 7. Never smell the solution directly from the test tube, Jens Martensson wave your hand towards you to identify its smell. Handling Solids 1. To get solids from a reagent bottle, spoon it Jens Martensson with a clean and dry spatula. (A dirty spatula will contaminate the portion being taken and all the reagents inside the bottle.) Handling Solids 2. When weighing solid chemicals, put the reagent Jens Martensson on a watch glass. 3. Do not place the reagent directly on the pans of the table balance or triple beam balance. Handling Solids 4. Do not return excess reagents into its original Jens Martensson container. Why Unused reagents should not be returned to its original container? -To prevent contamination of the reagent Jens Martensson What happens if heat is applied at the bottom of a test tube containing liquid in it? -If you heat the test tube from the bottom, any liquid can turn into a gas. The gas will rapidly expand shooting heated liquid out of the test tube like a cannon. The heated liquid can cause great damage especially if the liquid heat another person in the eyes 53  Which is more effective method of separating a solid from a liquid? Filtration or Decantation? Filtration is separation of solid and liquid substances with the use of Jens Martensson a filter paper Decantation is the process of letting the mixture sit, and allowing the bigger particles to settle at the bottom. 54 Measurements Measurement of Length Ruler, Vernier Caliper Measurement of Volume Jens Martensson Beaker, Graduated Cylinder, Pipette Measurement of Density Measurement of Weight Analytical Balance, Triple Beam Balance 55 To read the volume of a colored liquid, the point of reference should be the upper meniscus. For colorless liquid, the point of reference should be the lower meniscus. Jens Martensson 56 Definition Mass – quantity of matter in a body regardless of its volume of or any forces acting on it Meniscus – the curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube Jens Martensson Density – degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume Volume – the amount of space that a substance or object occupies Weight – a body’s relative mass or the quantity of matter contained by it 57  Jens Martensson Matter Experiment No. 3 58 Matter “Anything that occupies space and has mass.” STATES OF MATTER: Solid Jens Martensson Liquid Gas PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Physical Properties Chemical Properties 59 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER Jens Martensson 60 Classification of Matter 1. PURE SUBSTANCE - The kind of matter possessing definite, fixed, and unvarying composition with unique set of properties - Pure substances are made up of only one kind of Jens Martensson matter. Classifications: Elements Compounds 61 Classification of Pure Substance 1. ELEMENT -Simplest form of matter, 1 kind of material or atom, Building blocks of matter Jens Martensson Classification: Metals Non-metals Metalloids 2. COMPOUND -substances composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportion 62  Metal Jens Martensson vs Non-Metal Classification of Matter 2. MIXTURE -composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Classifications: Jens Martensson Homogenous Heterogenous 64 Classification of Mixture 1. HOMOGENEOUS -composed of substances that are uniform in appearance and has the same properties and composition Jens Martensson throughout, one phase and one color. SOLUTION - Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents COMPOSITION: -Solute -Solvent 65 Classification of Mixture 2. HETEROGENEOUS -consists of two or more distinct portions, differing in properties and composition, which can be separated Jens Martensson mechanically from one another. Classifications: Suspension Colloids Emulsion 66  Jens Martensson Physical and Chemical Change Experiment No. 4 67 Physical and Chemical Change PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Physical Jens Martensson Properties Chemical Properties 68 Physical and Chemical Change 1. PHYSICAL CHANGE -Change in the physical properties of a substance (color, size, shape, odor, etc) Jens Martensson -Some types of physical change are -Change of state -Separation of Mixture -Physical Deformation -Making solutions 69 Physical and Chemical Change 2. CHEMICAL CHANGE -This means that one substance with certain set of properties is turned into Jens Martensson different substance with different properties. Some chemical changes involves -Emission/Absorption of heat -Emission of light -Change in odor -Emission of Gas 70 Physical and Chemical Change MACROSCOPIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE: Jens Martensson PHYSICAL CHANGE - The matter is the same - The original matter can be recovered CHEMICAL CHANGE - The matter is different - The old matter is no longer present. - The original matter cannot be recovered 71 Physical and Chemical Change MICROSCOPIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE: Jens Martensson PHYSICAL CHANGE - The particles of the substance are rearrange CHEMICAL CHANGE - The particles of the substance are broken apart, and the atoms are rearranged into a new particle, forming a new substance. 72  Jens Martensson Redox Reaction Experiment No. 5 73 Redox Reaction A term for oxidation-reduction reactions. As the name implies, it involves two independent half reactions, oxidation and reduction. It is a class of reaction that includes.. Jens Martensson -formation of a compound from its elements -all combustion reactions -reactions that generate electricity -reactions that produce cellular energy 74 Silver Christmas Tree Silver nitrate (AgNO3) reacts with copper (Cu) to form copper(II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) and silver (Ag). This can be called a redox reaction because silver nitrate is reduced and copper is oxidized. This can also be called Jens Martensson a single replacement reaction because copper replaces silver in the substance silver nitrate. 75 Silver Christmas Tree Jens Martensson Mineral Chameleon Jens Martensson Thank You