Patient Care Lab Prelim Reviewer.pdf

Module 1 Prepares and dispenses medications, ensuring that Understanding the Health Care Team and treatments are accurate and Their Responsibilities effective....

Module 1 Prepares and dispenses medications, ensuring that Understanding the Health Care Team and treatments are accurate and Their Responsibilities effective. Provides counsel on proper medication use and potential side Members of the Health Care Team effects. 7. Dietician 1. Physician Manages the dietary needs of Medical professional responsible for patients, including specialized diagnosing and treating illnesses, therapeutic diets. injuries, and ailments. Monitors nutritional intake to Provides preventative care, detects promote health and support developing health issues, and offers recovery. advice for healthy living. 8. Medical Technologist 2. Radiologic Technologist Conducts laboratory tests, Performs diagnostic imaging (e.g., processes samples, and ensures X-rays, CT scans, MRI, Ultrasounds) accurate test results. and radiation therapy. Operates and maintains laboratory Works closely with physicians to equipment. provide accurate diagnostic images. 9. Psychologist 3. Nurse Offers mental health support, Uses the nursing process (assess, primarily through counseling diagnose, plan, intervene, evaluate) services. to manage patient care. Addresses psychological needs in Plays a critical role in monitoring both acute and long-term care patient progress and implementing settings. care plans. 10. Occupational Therapist 4. Respiratory Therapist Helps patients regain independence Specializes in managing respiratory in daily activities (e.g., dressing, conditions. eating, bathing). Responsible for intubations, Develops individualized care plans mechanical ventilation management, focused on improving quality of life. and conducting pulmonary function 11. Social Worker tests. Connects patients with community 5. Physical Therapist resources, health insurance, and Develops care plans to help patients post-discharge care. with physical impairments (e.g., Ensures continuity of care by mobility, strength, coordination). bridging the gap between healthcare Focuses on restoring functional settings and the community. movement and preventing further 12. Speech Therapist physical dysfunction. Assists patients with speech or 6. Pharmacist swallowing difficulties due to illness or injury.  Works to improve communication 3. Channel – The medium through and swallowing functions. which the message is sent (verbal, 13. Administrative Professionals non-verbal, electronic). Includes medical billers, coders, and 4. Receiver – The individual to whom receptionists. the message is directed. Ensures the smooth operation of 5. Feedback – The response or healthcare facilities and contributes reaction of the receiver. to patient care coordination. Each element is influenced by: Interprofessional Collaboration Communication skills Importance: Attitudes ○ Collaborative teamwork Experience improves patient outcomes, Culture enhances safety, and Self-concept reduces healthcare costs. Key Elements: Sensory and Emotional Factors Affecting ○ Understanding the roles of Communication: different team members. ○ Effective communication and Fear and stress may alter how a valuing diverse perspectives. message is conveyed or received. Previous experiences and values of both the sender and receiver. Module 2 Cultural and religious beliefs can shape communication styles. Patient Assessment: Communication in Sensory impairments (e.g., Healthcare hearing, vision loss) and emotional states affect understanding. Understanding Communication: Environmental Factors Affecting Communication is a dynamic process Communication: involving the sharing of information, meanings, and rules among individuals. In Lighting, noise, privacy, distance, healthcare, communication between and temperature can either facilitate patients, healthcare providers, and other or hinder communication. team members is essential to ensure safe and effective care. Verbal and Non-verbal Expression: Key Elements of Communication: Verbal: Language barriers, jargon, choice of words, and tone of voice 1. Sender – The individual who all play a role in the clarity of the initiates the message. message. 2. Message – The information being Non-verbal: Body movements, conveyed. facial expressions, and dress  communicate professionalism, Structural issues, especially in large interest, and empathy. organizations. Personal behaviors and differing Effective Communication in Healthcare: expectations can lead to conflicts among healthcare staff. Effective communication is essential for patient safety. According to The Joint Conflict Resolution Strategies: Commission (TJC), improving communication ensures: 1. Competing – Assertive but uncooperative. Accuracy in patient identification. 2. Accommodating – Giving in to the Accurate reporting and recording of other party’s demands. test values. 3. Avoiding – Ignoring the conflict, which may lead to unresolved Healthcare workers must use two patient issues. identifiers (name and date of birth/medical 4. Collaborating – Finding mutually record number) before initiating any care. satisfying solutions. 5. Compromising – A middle-ground approach. Improving Communication: Recording and Keeping Medical Share information rather than Records: instructing. Value disagreement as much as Medical records provide legal agreement. documentation and are strictly confidential, Use effective non-verbal techniques as protected by the Health Insurance such as maintaining eye contact and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). appropriate body language. The transition to electronic medical records (EMR) is a major goal to enhance Practitioner as a Listener: accuracy and efficiency. Actively listen without interrupting. General Rules for Record Keeping: Stay focused and avoid distractions. Keep an open mind and remain Write clearly; avoid using ditto marks objective. or erasing. Reflect on the speaker’s emotions Record every patient interaction and before evaluating the message. sign each entry. Document all significant Conflict and Conflict Resolution: conversations and patient complaints. Sources of Conflict in Healthcare: Use standard abbreviations and terms to maintain accuracy and Poor communication. consistency. Problem-Oriented Medical Record prolonged fluoroscopic examinations (POMR): of his abdomen. The POMR documentation format includes: Types of Radiation 1. Database – Comprehensive patient Ionizing Radiation: Has enough data. energy to displace electrons from 2. Problem list – Identifying the atoms, leading to significant patient’s issues. biological damage. 3. Plan – Addressing the problem. Non-Ionizing Radiation: Lacks 4. Progress notes – Regular updates sufficient energy to break atomic on patient care using the SOAP bonds but can still cause molecular method: vibrations. S: Subjective (patient’s complaints) O: Objective (clinical findings) Harmful Effects of Radiation A: Assessment (diagnosis) P: Plan (treatment approach) 1. Somatic Effects: Damage to somatic cells manifests in the Effective communication is the cornerstone exposed individual (e.g., skin burns, of patient-centered care, ensuring cancer). understanding, safety, and collaborative 2. Genetic Effects: Damage to decision-making. reproductive cells, potentially leading to hereditary effects in offspring. Module 3 Radiation Effects on DNA Radiation Protection Direct Action: Ionization directly alters DNA structure. Historical Context Indirect Action: Radiation produces free radicals (e.g., from water) that Discovery of X-rays: X-rays were damage DNA. discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. Their potential in Stochastic vs. Non-Stochastic Effects medicine was quickly recognized, but so were their harmful effects. Stochastic Effects: Probability of Early Fatalities: Clarence Madison occurrence increases with dose, with Dally, an assistant to Thomas no threshold; severity is independent Edison, became the first American to of dose (e.g., cancer). die from radiation exposure in 1904 Non-Stochastic Effects: Severity after developing cancer from testing increases with dose, often having a X-ray outputs on his hand. Similarly, threshold level (e.g., acute radiation Professor Benjamin Brown suffered syndrome, cataracts). severe health consequences due to Principles of Radiation Protection  Concept: Refers to the distance 1. Justification: Radiation use must from the radiation source to the provide sufficient benefit to outweigh barrier, measured in meters. the risks involved. Importance: It significantly affects 2. Optimization: Procedures should radiation protection, following the be optimized to minimize exposure inverse square law. while maximizing diagnostic benefits, adhering to the ALARA 3. Effective Weekly Exposure (E) principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). Formula: E = E_WUT × 1/d² 3. Dose Reduction: This involves E: Weekly exposure (R/wk) minimizing exposure time, E_W: Weekly workload (mA·min/wk) maximizing distance from the U: Use factor radiation source, and implementing T: Occupancy factor effective shielding. d: Distance (m) Application: This value helps Key Protection Strategies determine the necessary thickness of the primary barrier. Minimize Exposure Time: Keep exposure duration short. 4. Methods for Calculating Primary Maximize Distance: Use the Barrier Thickness Inverse Square Law—doubling distance from a radiation source Calculating Thickness: reduces exposure by a factor of four. Half Value Layer (HVL): Thickness Use Shielding: Employ materials that reduces exposure rate by 50%. like lead or concrete to block Pre-calculated Shielding radiation, with recommended Requirement Tables. thicknesses for protective apparel Attenuation Curves. being at least 0.5 mm of lead. 5. Control Room Shielding 1. Occupancy Factor (T) Specifications: Definition: Represents how the Walls and windows should have a area on the opposite side of a lead equivalency of 1.5 mm. protective barrier will be utilized. Control booths should not be directly Categories: in the path of the primary beam, Full-1: Areas of heavy use. requiring scattered radiation. Controlled Area-1: Areas with restricted access. 6. Patient Waiting Area 2. Distance (d) Safety Measures: Warning signs must be present outside the X-ray room to prevent unauthorized entry. 7. Personnel Shielding 11. Personnel Monitoring Recommendations: Purpose: To measure and record Minimize time spent in radiation radiation exposure in the workplace. areas. Types of Dosimeters: Maximize distance from patients Pocket Dosimeter: Measures during procedures. radiation dose via ionization. Use protective apparel (e.g., lead Film Badge: Provides a permanent aprons) for secondary radiation record of exposure. protection. Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Lead Apron Care: Proper handling is (TLD): Records exposure and critical to maintain the integrity of identifies type and energy of protective abilities. radiation. 8. Patient Shielding Conclusion Focus Areas: Thyroid, breasts, and Radiation protection is essential in gonads should be shielded, minimizing the risks associated with particularly in children and young both medical and occupational adults. exposure. Historical lessons highlight the need for strict 9. Filtration and Collimation adherence to protection principles to safeguard health. Filtration: Reduces low-energy Understanding and applying photons that do not contribute to radiation protection principles is image quality, decreasing patient crucial in minimizing exposure for skin dose. patients and healthcare personnel. Collimation: Limits the X-ray beam to Effective barrier design, proper the area of clinical interest, monitoring, and strict adherence to improving image contrast and guidelines ensure safety in reducing unnecessary exposure. radiological practices. 10. Dose Limitation Guidelines: Established dose limits for occupational exposure, public exposure, and embryonic/fetal exposure. ICRP: 20 mSv/year over five years for occupational exposure. Public: 1 mSv/year. Pregnant Women: Dose limits vary (2 mSv for the abdomen).