Pathology Notes PDF

AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Pathology Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy sampl...

AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Pathology Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy samples), bodily fluids, and in some cases the whole body (autopsy). ❖ Terms for Cell Adaptation Hypertrophy - Increase in the size of cells. Atrophy -decrease in the size of an organ. Hyperplasia - Increase in the number of cells. Aplasia - failure of cell production. Hypoplasia- decrease in the number of cells. Metaplasia - replacement of one differentiated cell type by another type of cell (does not cause cancer). Dysplasia - abnormal cell growth (abnormal histology or anatomical structure) (may cause cancer or may be not) Cardinal signs of inflammation - 5 classical features of inflammation were described by-celsus. Rubor - Redness Calor-rise in temperature (Callorie = heat) Tumor - swelling Dolor-pain (Money comes with pain) Functio Laesa-Loss of Function 1 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Budd-chiari Syndrome Hepatomegaly Ascites Abdominal pain (HAP) Saint's tried Diverticulosis Gallstone Hiatus hernia (Go.D. HI) Triad of whooping cough Whoop Lymphocytosis Low ESR Triad of Grawitz tumor in Hematura Pain Palpable abdominal mass RCC (HP Mas) Charcot's traid in Pain Jaundice Fever (Temp) ( PJT) Murphy's Triad in Pain Vomiting Fever (Temp) (PVT) Hutchison's triads Hutchinson's Interstitial 8th nerve deafness teeth Keratitis (HI – 8) Triad of Portal hypertension Splenomegaly Ascites Varices in esophagus (SAVe) Cushing traids High B.P Low pulse rate Low resp. rate (increase ICP) मनुष्य मे virus द्वारा होने वाले रोग Disease Causative organism Vector 1. 2. Chicken pox Varicella 2 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. 2..Small pox Variola virus 3. Influenza Ortho mixovirus 4. Common cold Rhinovirus 5. Measles Para mixovirus 6. Mumps Mumps 7. Rabies Rhabdo 8. Dengue Dengu(Genus - Flavivirus) Aedes aegypti (tiger mosq.) 9. Herpes Herpes virus 10. 10.AIDS (slim's HIV discase) 11. Poliomyelitis Enterovirus 12. Hepatitis B Hepedna virus ▪ Dermatotropic Viruse - Small Pox, Measles ▪ Neurotropic Viruses - Poliomyelitis and Hydrophobia ▪ Neumotropic Viruses - Neumonia, Influenza ▪ Viscerotropic Viruses - Yellow Fever, Hepatitis मनुष्य मे Bacteria द्वारा होने वाले रोग Disease Causetive organism 1. Tetanus Clostridium tetani 2. Gas Gangrene Cl. welchii 3. Botulism (Food Poisoning) Cl. botulinum 3 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. 4. Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae 5. Peritonitis, Diarrhoea Escherichia coli 6. Bacillary Dysentery Shigella 7. Enteric Fever (Typhoid) Salmonella typhi 8. Syphilis Traponema pallidum 9. Superficial abscess otitis media Pseudomonas 10. Plague Pasteurella pestis 11. whooping cough Bordetella pertussis 12. Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheria 13. Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis 14. Cholera Vibrio cholera 15. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis 16. Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae 17. Gastric ulcer Helicobacter pylori मनुष्य मे Helminthes द्वारा होने वाले रोग Disease Causetive organism Vector 1. Taeniasis → Taenia solium ( NCC Neurocysticensis) (larva of solium ) 2. Filariasis → Wuchererian bancrofti Female culex (nuisance ) 3. Hydatid cyst → Taenia granulosus Dog 4. Lobar pneumonia → Ascaris lumbricus Pig 4 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. 5. Perineal itching → Enterobius vermicularis 6. Urticaria → Ancylostoma duodenale मनुष्य मे protozoa द्वारा होने वाले रोग Disease Causative organism Vector 1. Amoebiasis → Entamoeba histolytica House fly-musca domestica 2. Malaria → Plasmodium (M/0/V/F) Female anopheles 3. diarrhoea → Giardia intestinalis House fiy 4. sleeping sickness → Trypanosoma gambiense Tse tse Fly / Glossina 5. Chagas disease → Trypanosoma cruzi Tse tse fly / Glossina 6. Trichomoniasis → Trichomonas vaginalis STD 7. Kala azar → leishmania donovani Sand fly- phlebotomus मनुष्य मे होने वाले Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases Causative organism Type of organism 1.Syphilis → Treponema pallidum Bacterium (Hard chancre) 2. Gonorrhoea → Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Bacterium 3. AIDS → HIV virus 4. Chancroid → Haemophilus ducrey Bacterium (soft chanrce) 5. Trichomoniasis → Trichomonas vaginalis Protozoan 6. Genital Herpes → Herpes simplex virus virus 5 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. 7. Genital Warts → HPV (Hunan pappiloma Virus) virus 8. Chlamydia → Chlamydia trachomatis Bacterium मनुष्य में होने वाले occupational रोग Disease Causative agents Pathology 1. Silicosis Silica or silicon dioxide Dense nodular fibrosis of lungs 2. Asbestosis Asbestos Fibrosis 3. Siderosis Iron - welding material, iron ore Occupational lung disease 4. Anthracosis Mining / Coal dust Black lung disease - fibrosis 5. Byssinosis Unprocessed cotton Brown lung / Monday fever 6. Bagassosis Bagasses (sugar cane dust) Interstitial lung disease (ILD) 7. Phossy jaw White / Yellow Phosphorus Phosphorus necrosis of the jaw (match industry) Main pathological features ❖ Sago spleen = In focal amyloidosis ❖ Lardoceous spleen = in diffuse amyloidosis ❖ Mallory's hyaline body = Alcoholic hepatitis ❖ Grey and red hepatization = Pneumonia ❖ Nutmeg liver = Chronic Passive Congestion ❖ Lumpy bumpy basement membrane = Systemic Lupus erythmatos ❖ Onion skin spleen = S. L. E. ❖ Piecemeal necrosis and bridging necrosis= chronic Active hepatitise Main Complications ❖ Measles = Otitis media ❖ Typhoid = Paralytic ileus 6 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ❖ Whooping cough = Pneumonia ❖ Diphtheria = myocarditis ❖ Hypothyrodism = Hypothermia ❖ Chronic glomerular nephritis = myocardial Infarction. ❖ Mumps ▪ Children = Encephalitis ▪ Adolescents = orchitis Rose red spots = Typhoid Sunburn rash / necklace rash = Pellagra. Commonest dermatological lesion = Acne vulgaris Commonest drug Induced rash = Toxic Erythema Normally turn over period of body skin = 28 days Main sign's Kehr Sign Produce shoulder pain due to irritation of diaphragm in spleen rupture, Sign de Dance Feeling emptiness Ini Rt. Iliac Fossa in Intusussception Balance Sign Shifting dullness in rupture spleen, Battle Sign Ecchymosis on mastoid due to fracture of post cranial fossa. Rovsing's Sign Pressure in left Iliac fossa causes pain in Rt Iliac fossa in Acute appendicitis. Cooper's Sign Tenderness in left lateral position in acute appendicitis. Murphy's sign In acute cholecystis (catch on breath in inspiration) Boas Sign Hyper aesthesia below 9th rib on right side in cholecystitis Troister's sign in carcinoma stomach. 7 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Marion sign In benign prostatic enlargement Mathe's Sign In perinephric Abscess Tent Sign In ovarian cyst Sunset sign In hydrocephalus Macewen's Sign In hydrocephalus Macewan's Sign Acute alchol poisoining Kerning Sign In meningitis Flag Sign In Kwashiorker Alder Sign In ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Pipe stem stool In ulcerative colitis (X-Ray) appearance Trench Face In Vincent's angina, Trendelenburg Sign In Variscose vein Straberry spot (In Vagina) in Trichomoniasis Straberry tongue In Scarlet fever Hutchison's pupil In head injury Hutchison's Teeth In Congenital syphilis ▪ Corn -Feet, Toes ▪ Callocity -Hand ▪ Psoriasis -Knee, Elbow, Scalp. ▪ Carcinoma small intestine - Jejunum ▪ Carcinoma colon -Sigmoid colon 8 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ▪ Tubercular ulcer- Small intestine (Transverse in shaped) ▪ Typhoid ulcer -Small intestine (longitudinal in shaped) ▪ Crohn's disease -ilio caecal valve ▪ Ulcerative colitis -Rectum ▪ Commonest type of Intussusception - llio caecal ▪ Amoebiasis -Sigmoid colon ▪ Pregnancy tumour -Gums Pulse less disease -Takayasu disease Hepato Lenticular degeneration -Wilson's disease Thrombo angitis obliterens -Burger's disease Telephonist's ear / Singapore ear = In external otitis Cement kidney= Caseous T. B. kidney Frag Face= Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Frog hand= Deep palmar abscess Countryman's lip= In carcinoma of lip Trench foot= In frost bite Madura foot- Mycotic Infection Hand boy stomach = Scarring of gastric uicer Leather bottle stomach =linitis plastica Tennis elbow= Tendinitis of Lateral epicondyle of humerus Golfer's Elbow= Tendinitis of Medial epicondyle'of humerus. Foot baller's Ankle - Traumatic Arthritis of Ankle House maid's Knee = Pre patteler bursitis Students elbow= olecranon bursitis Weaver's bottom= Ischial bursitis Winter bed= Post calcaneal bursitis Policeman's heel= Inflammation of fibro fatty tissues of the'heels Porter's Hand= Bursa between clavicle and Skin Gardener's hand= Callosity Clergyman's knee = Intra pattellar bursitis Fluid infusion is essential when burn is 15% in adult and 10% in children. Maximum pressure in lower limb veins - In communicating veins: Involved vertebras in tabes dorsalis = Thoracic and Lumbar Commonest site of fracture in Cushing syndrome = vertebra. 9 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Main Bodies Howell Jolly bodies = Finds in Spleenic Atrophy and megaloblastic anemia Babes Ernest granules found in- Diphtheria Counsilman body found in- yellow fever and acute hepatitis L.D. bodies found in -Kala Azar Donovan bodies found in- granuloma Inguinale Lewy bodies found in- Parkinsonism Russel's bodies found in -Multiple Myeloma and Radicular cyst Warthin-Finkeldly Giant cells = Meales Gamma - Gandi bodies Giant cells = Passive congestion of spleen Negri bodies of Rabies are present in the neuron of brain stem Gaurnier bodies - Small Pox Mallory bodies/Alcoholic hyalin = Alcoholic liver disease, I.C.C. Influenza→1-3 days Malaria→14 days Anthrax→1-3 days Pertusis days →7-14 days Cholera→1-5 days Polio →7-14 days Diphtheria→2-5 days Chicken Pox, mumps → 2-3 weeks Plague →2-6 days Amoebiasis →3-4 weeks Typhoid→10-14 days Hepatitis A →15-50 days Dengue →3-15 days Hepatitis B→ 50-160 days (4days- 20 weeks) Tetanus →3-21 days Filariasis→ 5-8months Measles→10 days Trachoma → 5-12 days T.B. → Weeks to months Schiller's test →Carcinoma cervix Schilling test → B12 deficiency ITO test →Chancroid Quickensted's test →Spinal cord compression. 10 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Shick test and Elek's test→Diphtheria Dick test →Scarlet fever Rothera test→for Ketone bodies Dick Test→Streptococci Rose Bengal Card Test→ Brucellosis Von-Pirquest test→Tuberculosis String Test →For cholera Montenegro Test → kala azar Coombs Test → Cross matching test before transfusion VDRL test→ Syphilis Khan Test →Syphilis Wasserman→ Test Syphilis Tests for Typhoid ▪ 1st week -Blood culture ▪ 2nd Week- Widal Test (Agglutinative test) ▪ 3rd Week -Stool Test ▪ 4th Week -Urine Culture Window period - Time between HIV infection and appearance of antibodies to HIV. For detection of myocardial Infarction Most specific enzyme is = CPK - MB. ❖ Marjolin's Ulcer - Carcinoma on The Scar ❖ Flask Shaped Ulcers - In Ambicie ❖ Bottle Neck Shaped Ulcer in- Amhiasis ❖ Trophic Ulcer - Neurogenic Ulcer (Nutrition) ❖ Snail Track Ulcer - Syphilis Most common cancer in Childern - ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) Most common cancer in Adults - CLL (Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia) Most common cancer in Older people - AML (Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia) Main component of Gall stone = cholesterol Silver needle is used for the- renal biopsy Idiopathic epilepsy never occur before 6 yrs and after 30 years. Drug induced hepatitis occurs within 2 weeks after drug intake After acute attack of myocardial infarction. ▪ 1st day = Leukocytosis occurs 3rd / 4th day = Fever maximum 11 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. CONDITION IN INDIA IN THE WEST 1. commonest malignancy In males → Oral cavity → Lung Cancer In females → Breast Cancer → Breast Cancer 2. For infant mortality rate Infection and malnutrition Congenital anomalies 3. Commonest cause of blindness Cataract 4. Commonest accidental Kerosene poisoning in central india ❖ Epidemic dropsy is a form of edema of extremities due to intoxication with argemone maricana seed oil. (स्वर्णक्षीरी के बीज) ❖ Dropsy occurs as an epidemic in places where use of mustard oil, as cooking medium is common ❖ Lathyrism is a neurological disease of humans caused by eating legumes of the genus lathyrus ❖ This problem is mainly associated with Lathyrus sativus (also known as grass pea, khesari dal ) containing the toxin ODAR-Oxalyl di antino proponic acid. ❖ Causes paralysis, characterized by lack of strength in or inability to move the lower limb and may involve pyramidal tracts producing signs of upper motor neuron damage ❖ Aflatoxins are natural mycotoxins that are produced by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus species of fungi ❖ Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver, produces an acute hepatic necrosis, resulting later in Cirrhosis or carciona of the liver ❖ Before micturition - cause at urethra (Infection / calculus / ulcer) 12 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. ❖ End of micturition - Uretero-vesical calculus I V.c) ❖ At the beginning or end of micturition - benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ❖ also known as ringworm of the foot and Tinea pedis is a fungal infection ❖ The vibration of the chest wall as a person speaks or sings that allow the person's voice to be heard by auscultation of the chest with a stethoscope. ❖ Vocal fremitus is decreased in emphysema, pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, and bronchial obstruction. ❖ Vocal fremitus is increased in consolidation as in pneumonia. JOINTS RA is an autoimmune symmetrical Inflammatory Joint disease Rheumatoid factor( IgM antibody against antibody) Pannus formation in synovium Ulnar deviation of fingers Z deformity of thumb Swan neck deformity / button hole or boutonniere deformity of fingers Subcutaneous Rheumatoid nodules (at pressure points) Pain worse in morning (morning atiffnet) pain decreases with activity Investigations: Rheumatold factor , ACPA (Anti citrullinated peptide antibody) Degenerative loint discase ( wear and tear) Loss of articular cartilage Osteophyte formation DIP-Heberden's nodes PIP - Bouchard's nodes Pain worse in evening pain increases with activity Hyperuricemia - precipitation of monosodium urate crystals (needle shaped, negatively birefringent crystals) First MTP joint( big toe) Tophus formation Increased production of uric acid - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 13 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. Decreased excretion of uric acid - chronic renal disease. ATROPHY OF THE NERVOUSE SYSTEM. Alzheimer's disease Diffuse atrophy of cerebral cortex Dementia (most common cause in elderly ) Pick's disease Unilateral frontal or temporal lobe atrophy Parkinson's disease Decreased dopamine in corpus striatum Cogwheel rigidity. Lead pipe rigidity, akinesia and tremor Pill rolling movement /Tremors Glabellar reflex or glabellar tap sign - causing blinking Treatment -dopamine agonists SLE OR SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS OR LUPUS SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of the body. Lapus is an autoimmune condition The exact cause of lupus is not known This can lead to pain swelling, & damage to organs such as the kidneys, lungs, heart, spleen, eye. In eye-shows cotton wool like fundal lesions (cystoids bodies ) Lampy bumpy basement membrane - SLE Malar rash or Butterfly Rash Onion skin spleen - SLE TUMOR MARKERS Alfa Fetoprotein (AFP) Liver Cancer and germ cell tumors CA 19-9 pancreatic carcinoma and colon carcinoma CA-125 Ovarian cancer 14 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066  AYURVEDA LIBRARY ONLINE CLASSES VARANASI. CA 15-3 Breast Cancer PSA or PAP (Prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase) - Prostatic cancer C. Diptheria is also called Kleb's Loeffler's bacillus M. Tuberculosis is also called Koch's bacillus Smallest free living organism = mycoplasma Acid fast bacilli = TB, Leprosy and Nocardia All cocci are gram positive except Neisseria All Bacilli are gram Negative except, Diphtheria, Tetany, TB. Anthrax and Actinomycosis Tse tse fly is called glossina Culex mosquito is also called nuisance mosquito. Aedes mosquito is also called Tiger mosquito. Micobacterium leprae can found in breast milk. Yellow fever virus can penetrate the skin. Epidemic dropsy is caused by Argemon mexicana oil Malaria endemicity is determined by spleen rate. Schiller's lodine staining is used for carcinoma cervix. Looser's zones = osteomalasia Lurching gait Paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus Spastic gait hemiplegia (UMN Lesion) Waddling gait Proximal muscle weakness (myopathy) Drunken gait cerebellar ataxia Stamping gait sensory ataxia Fastinating gáit Parkinsonism 15 www.vivekayurvedabhu.com| +919721978066