Patho Notes PDF - Cardiovascular Diseases

Got it! Here's the information directly quoted from your slides, organized according to your outline: Rheumatic Heart Disease Pulmonary Stenosis...

Got it! Here's the information directly quoted from your slides, organized according to your outline: Rheumatic Heart Disease Pulmonary Stenosis Slide Reference: Endocardial and Valvular Disease (Cont.), Slide 39 "Acute inflammatory disease that follows infection with group A β-hemolytic streptococci." Slide Reference: Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 62 "Antibodies against the streptococcal antigens damage connective tissue in joints, heart, skin." "Pulmonary stenosis—usually because of abnormal fusion of the valvular cusps and can lead to right "Occurs mainly in children; fever; sore throat; joint inflammation; involuntary movements ventricular hypertrophy." (Sydenham chorea); and a distinctive truncal rash." "Pulmonary atresia—blood must enter the lungs by traveling through a septal opening and a patent Congenital Heart Defects ductus arteriosus." 1. Atrial Septal Defect – Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 58 "Majority of atrial septal defects occur at the location of the foramen ovale." "Long-term increase in pulmonary blood flow may eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension, Correlation of LDL Levels and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) right ventricular hypertrophy, and reversal to a right-to-left shunt." 2. Ventricular Septal Defect – Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 59 Slide Reference: Coronary Heart Disease (Cont.), Slide 5 & 6 "Most common congenital cardiac anomaly." "LDL insudation occurs with oxidation by endothelial cells and macrophages." "Increase in pulmonary blood flow can result in pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and reversal of the shunt." "Oxidized lipids are damaging to endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and stimulate recruitment of 3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 60 macrophages into the vessel." "Supposed to close after birth but does not." "Conditions that cause low blood oxygen tension may contribute to continued patency." "Continued patency identified by harsh, grinding systolic murmur or thrill." 4. Coarctation of the Aorta – Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 61 "Narrowing or stricture of the aorta that impedes blood flow." "Upper extremities typically have an elevated blood pressure; lower extremities have weak pulses Stable Angina vs. Unstable Angina and low blood pressure." 5. Tetralogy of Fallot – Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 65 Slide Reference: Coronary Heart Disease (Cont.), Slide 16 & 18 "Four defining features: Ventricular septal defect, aorta positioned above the ventricular septal Stable Angina: "Characterized by stenotic atherosclerotic coronary vessels." "Onset of anginal pain is opening, pulmonary stenosis that obstructs right ventricular outflow, right ventricular hypertrophy." generally predictable and elicited by similar stimuli each time." "Relieved by rest and nitroglycerin." 6. Transposition of the Great Arteries – Congenital Heart Diseases (Cont.), Slide 66 "Aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle." Unstable Angina: "May progress to acute ischemia." "Plaque rupture with acute thrombus development." "Incompatible with life unless mixing of blood occurs through other defects." "Unstable angina—occlusion is partial." Let me know if you want this even more detailed or if you want me to include anything else! Complications of Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTEMI, STEMI) Slide Reference: Coronary Heart Disease (Cont.), Slide 19 & 20 NSTEMI: "Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST elevation on the ECG (non- STEMI, NSTEMI)." "Candidates for antiplatelet drugs." STEMI: "Patients with chest pain and evidence of acute ischemia on the electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST- segment elevation; STEMI)." "Candidates for acute reperfusion therapy." Complications: Coronary Heart Disease (Cont.), Slide 28 ch 18 "Dysrhythmias and conduction disorders; continuous ECG monitoring." "Heart failure, sudden cardiac death." Diagnostic Tests and Findings to Detect Myocardial Infarction (MI) Slide Reference: Coronary Heart Disease (Cont.), Slide 22, 23 & 25 "Severe crushing, excruciating chest pain that may radiate to the arm, shoulder, jaw, or back." "ECG changes: ST-segment elevation, large Q waves, and inverted T waves." "Serum marker changes: Myoglobin, troponin, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase." "Increased CK-MB and troponin I and T."