Patho Farm Study Guide 1 PDF

Terms used in nutrition (DRI, RDA, AI, UL, AMDR) **DRI-** Dietary reference intakes **RDAs**- Recommended daily allowances **AI-** Adequate intake **UL-** Tolerable Upper intake level **AMDRs-** Acceptable macronutrient Distribution ranges List the sources of the primary nutrients (Carbs, Prot...

Terms used in nutrition (DRI, RDA, AI, UL, AMDR) **DRI-** Dietary reference intakes **RDAs**- Recommended daily allowances **AI-** Adequate intake **UL-** Tolerable Upper intake level **AMDRs-** Acceptable macronutrient Distribution ranges List the sources of the primary nutrients (Carbs, Protein, Fiber, Fats), how they are classified, their function and why they are essential. Calories per gram for each nutrient **Carbohydrates**- regulate protein and fat metabolism -Average DRI for carbs are 130g/day -45-60% of overall calories -Classified by number of saccharide (sugars) -Monosaccharides: glucose (corn syrup), fructose (fruits), and galactose (milk) \-\-- basic energy for the cell -Disaccharides: sucrose (table sugar), lactose, maltose (table salt) \-\-\-\-- Energy, aids calcium and phosphorus absorptions **Fiber (classified as a carbohydrate)** ensures bowel health and stabilizes glucose levels. Also helps lower cholesterol RDA: Males 38g/day and females 25 g/day Provides 1.5-2.5 glucose levels **Proteins**- tissue building, nitrogen water balance, support immune system and Acid-base and electrolyte balance RDA: 0.8 g/kg AMRD 10-35% of total calories -Plant and animal sources -formed by amino acids -9 amino acids **Lipids =Fats-** Hormone production, maintaining body temp, covering nerve fibers, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins -Dark meat, dairy, oils, poultry skin -3 types \-\-\-- Phospholipids, sterols and triglycerides (fatty acids both saturated and unsaturated- -AMDR for fats is 20-35% of total calories -10% or less from saturated **[Lipoproteins]** **Very-low-density-Lipoproteins** (VLDL) (BAD) carry triglycerides to the cell, **Low density lipoproteins** (LDL) (BAD) carry cholesterol to tissue cells and **High-density lipoproteins** (HDL) (GOOD) remove excess cholesterol and transport it to liver Based on a 2000 cal/day diet: What is the daily serving recommendation for Vegetables, and fruits? 5 serving total\-\-- 2 ½ cups veggies and 2 ½ cups of fruit 4. Differentiate VLDL, LDL and HDL and discuss the function of each. Lipoproteins **-Very-low-density Lipoproteins** (VLDL) (BAD) carry triglycerides to the cell, **-Low density lipoproteins** (LDL) (BAD) carry cholesterol to tissue cells and **-High-density lipoproteins** (HDL) (GOOD) remove excess cholesterol and transport it to liver 5. DRI and AMDR for Carbs **DRI-** 130g/day 6. AI for fiber **Males** 38g/day **Females** 25g/day 7. RDA and AMDR for protein 8. AMDR for fats (% of total calories) 20-35% of calories 10% or less from saturated fats Provides 9 cal/g of energy 9. Disorders that occur with deficits of primary nutrients **[Proteins ]** -Kwashiorkor: not enough protein -Marasmus: Not enough overall calories **[Lipids]** **[Fiber]** -Constipation? High cholesterol and unstable glucose? **[Carbs ]** -High or low blood glucose levels 10. Discuss the metabolism of carbs and the role of the liver, muscles and pancreas (how are CHO stored) The liver converts CHO into glucose which is then released into the bloodstream This elevated blood glucose levels causes the release of insulin from the pancreas -Unused CHO is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles -To maintain glucose between meals glucose in released through the breakdown of liver glycogen 11. Total essential vitamins? How many? 13 essentials Vitamin b complex, vit A, K, E, C, D 12. Differentiate fat-soluble from water-soluble vitamins and why it is important to know them when caring for a client that uses supplements **Fat-soluble** include A,D,E,K **Water-soluble** include Vitamin b complex and C It is important when caring for clients who use supplements because water soluble vitamins are excreted and can lead to deficiency (Because we pee them out), whereas fat-soluble we absorb and can have toxicity 13. List food sources, primary function and signs (disorders) of deficiency (low) and/or toxicity (high) for the major vitamins, minerals and electrolytes: - Vit A, D, E, K, C - **-Vit A:** Dark yellow/orange fruits and vegetables (carrots, yams), egg yoke, butter, cream Function- Vison health, tissue strength and growth, and embryonic development [Deficiency-] Night blindness, skin lesions, GI upset [Excess]- Thrombocytopenia, hair loss, peeling skin, GI upset, lethargy, and Teratogenic effect on fetus **-Vit D:** Sunshine, fatty fish, eggs, fortified foods Function- regulation calcium and Phos [Deficiency-] Looks like hypocalcemia (twitching, tetany and tremors), Rickets in children, and osteomalacia in adults (softening or weakening of the bones) [Excess-] Looks like hypercalcemia (excess thirst, bone pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness -mirrors calcium since D is essential to metabolize calcium -**Vit E**: Nuts and oils Function- Antioxidant properties and cell health, cardiac health, lung and cell membrane [Deficiency]- Breakdown of RBCs [Excess-] Fatigue, weakness, GI upset, headache, breast tenderness and bleeding **-Vit K** : Carrots, fish, eggs and DGLV Function- clotting and bone matinence [Deficiency-] spontaneous hemorrhage (bleeding) [Excess-] clotting (blood clots) **-Vit C**: citrus foods such as tomatoes, oranges, green leafy vegetables, peppers and strawberries. [Function]- wound healing, iron absorption, boost immune system functions [Deficiency-] poor wound healing, bleeding gums, scurvy, faulty bone and tooth development [Excess-] GI upset, headache, decreased oral anticoagulants and crystalluria if taken with aspirin or sulfonamides -Stress, illness, and cigarette smoking increase need for Vit. C - Vit B 1,3,6,9(Folate) and 12 - **B1 (thiamine)**- Meats, whole grains, legumes [Function]- coenzyme in energy metabolism and nerve condition, promotes appetite [Deficiency]- results in beriberi (Ataxia, confusion, anorexia, tachycardia), weight loss and fatigue **B3 (Nicotinic acid or niacin)** - Meats, legumes, milk and whole grains [Function]- Metabolism of fats, glucose and alcholol, synthesis of steriods, cholesterol and fatty acids [Deficiency-] Pellagra (inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, sores in the mouth), headache, memory loss, GI upset **B6 (Pyridoxine)-** Meats, whole grains and legumes Function- cellular functions and synthesis of niacin, synthesis of hemoglobin, and neurotransmitters [Deficiency]- macrocytic anemia and CNS/PNS disturbances [Excess-] Neuropathy (numbness, weakness, pain) **B9 (Folic acid)** DGLV, yellow fruits, and organ meats [Function-] DNA synthesis, growth and cell divison, and erythropoiesis (RBC, WBC and platelets) [Deficiency-] GI upset, stomatitis, fatigue, alopecia Blood dyscrasias megaloblastic anemia, during pregnancy can affect fetal development, neutral tube defect supplement early in pregnancy -- prevent birth defects [Excess]-can lower phenytoin levels and mask vit. B12 deficiency **B12 (Cobalamin)-** meat, fish, eggs, dairy, vegan sunflower margarine [Function]- RBC formation and maturation and nervous system function [Deficiency]- Paranesthesia, weakness, fatigue, megaloblastic anemia, Vit. B12 deficiency affects all blood cells produced in the bone marrow, Loss of erythrocytes leads to heart failure, cerebral vascular insufficiency, and hypoxia. Loss of leukocytes leads to infections and loss of thrombocytes leads to bleeding and hemorrhage -Vit b12 is necessary to convert folic acid into its active form - Fe+ (Iron): Heme- found in fish, meats and poultry, - nonheme- found in grains, legumes and vegetables [Function]- oxygen distribution to hemoglobin, transfer of oxygen from lungs to tissues, metabolism of oxygen as a component of some proteins and enzymes -Iron supplements can cause constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and teeth discoloration -Vit. C increases the absorption of iron 14. Know the normal levels, food sources, function and S&S of deficiency and excess for each of the electrolytes discussed in class **Potassium** -found in oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy, meats and whole grains [Function]-maintains fluid volume inside cells, muscle action [Deficiency-] Dysthymias, muscle cramps/weakness, confusion [Excess]- Dysthymias, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numbness in extremities **Normal levels- 3.5-5.0 mEq/L** **Sodium** -found in table salt, added salts, processed foods [Function-] Maintains fluid volume, allows muscle contraction, contributes to nerve impulses [Deficiency]- muscle cramping, memory loss, anorexia, seizure [Excess-] fluid retention, hypertension, disorientation **Normal levels- 136-145 mEq/L** **Magnesium** -found in green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate [-function]-bone formation, a catalyst for many enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function, smooth muscle relaxation [Deficiency]- weakness, dysthymias, convulsions, increased BP and anorexia [Excess]- Diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, lethargy **Normal levels-1.3-2.1 mEq/L** **Iodine** Found- in seafood/shellfish, table salt [Function]- used for synthesis of thyroxine, the thiroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism [Deficiency]- Thyroid gland enlarges, creating a goiter [Excess]- can lead in thyrotoxicosis **Normal amount- 150 mcg for adults** **Water daily amount is 1.5 liters or 1500 ml** 15. Discuss testing that may lead to diagnosis of deficiency and excess of Ca+ Some testing that may lead to deficiency or excess would be changed in EKG, respiratory status, positive Chvostek's and Trousseau signs, osteoporosis in adults, and poor growth in children. Also, constipation, renal stones and lethargy 16. Discuss causes of Ca+ imbalance Some causes of Ca+ can be decreased levels if Vit D, dietary deficiency, increased levels of phosphorous, or hypothyroidism **Principles of Nutrition** 17. Describe the process of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism Ingestion- consuming and moving food through the GI tract Digestion-Breakdown and absorption of nutrients Metabolism- Sum of all chemical processes that can occur on a cellular level to maintain homeostasis -Catabolism-Breaking down of substances -anabolism-the use of energy to build or repair substances 18. What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate primary source of energy 19. Be familiar with BMI and normal and abnormal ranges and how to calculate. BMI normal ranges- 18.5-24.9 Obesity- \>30 Malnutrition- \