Parts of Speech Notes PDF

Parts of Speech: Nouns What is a noun? ​ A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. There are seven different types of nouns. 1.​ Common 2.​ Proper 3.​ Collective 4.​ Compound 5.​ Concrete 6.​ Abstract 7.​ Pronoun 1.​ Common Noun ​ A common noun is...

Parts of Speech: Nouns What is a noun? ​ A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. There are seven different types of nouns. 1.​ Common 2.​ Proper 3.​ Collective 4.​ Compound 5.​ Concrete 6.​ Abstract 7.​ Pronoun 1.​ Common Noun ​ A common noun is a general name for a person, place, or thing. ​ A common noun is NEVER capitalized unless it comes at the beginning of a sentence. ​ A common noun is usually preceded by the word a or an. Preceded = comes before Examples: -book, car, student, lake, school, restaurant 2. Proper Noun ​ A proper noun is a proper/formal name of a particular/specific person, place, or thing. ​ A proper noun is ALWAYS capitalized. Examples of Proper Nouns Common Noun Proper Noun book Holes lake school Hillside Middle School 3. Collective Noun ​ Collective nouns are singular nouns that name a group of people or animals considered to be a single unit. (they can be common or proper) Examples: -​ Congress, class, herd, family 4. Compound Nouns ​ A compound noun is two (2) or more words used together as a single noun. ​ The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words or as hyphenated words. Examples of Compound Nouns One word Seafood, filmmaker, grasshopper, daydream, footsteps, Separate words Compact discs, police officer, House of Representatives, To Kill a Mockingbird, Hyphenated words Self-esteem, great-grandparents, sister-in-law, 5. Concrete vs. 6) Abstract Nouns ​ A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that can be seen or touched ​ (Made from Matter- you can use the “poke test”) ​ An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic. o​ An abstract noun cannot be physically seen or touched. (Not Matter- No molecular basis) Examples: Concrete Nouns Tiger, lion, telephone, teacher, popcorn, Ambassador Bridge, Mrs. Provo, Abstract Nouns Knowledge, love, intelligence, ambition, competition, humor, 7. Pronouns ​ A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns o​ Antecedent is the word or words a pronoun replaces ​ Personal Pronouns refer to the one speaking (1st person), the one spoken to (2nd person), or the one spoken about (3rd person) Singular Plural 1st Person I, my, mine, me We, our, ours, us 2nd Person You, your, yours You, your yours 3rd Person He, him, his, her, hers, They, their, theirs, them she, it, its ​ Look at the following sentences: 1.​ Leo made Leo’s own flipbook so Leo could play with the flipbook. 2.​ Leo made his own flipbook so he could play with it.  ​ Two nouns may also serve as the antecedent of a pronoun o​ Leo and Chris made many flipbooks for their friends. ▪​ Leo and Chris are both antecedents of their Pronouns (last RULE) ​ When writing narratives, expository, fiction , or non fiction you MUST use a standard noun FIRST before you use a pronoun to replace it! Examples? Parts of Speech​ Part II: The Verb NOTES Verb​ Definition: A word that expresses …. ​ Action ​ Being/existence ​ State of Being/existence ​ ​ Examples: ​ My uncle surfs in the ocean. (action) ​ Nylon is a human-made fiber. (BEING) ​ The cat often stays in a basket by the air conditioner. (STATE OF BEING ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Types of Verbs ​ There are four types of verbs that you will need to be familiar with. ​ Action ​ Linking ​ Auxiliary/Helping ​ “To be“ ​ ​ 1)​ Action Verbs ​ ​ An action verb is a verb that expresses a mental or physical action. ​ ​ Physical Action: ​ ​ -Wrote, filmed, swam, running, jumping, etc… ​ ​ ​ Example: Langston Hughes wrote volumes of poetry. ​ ​ ​ Example: Michael Phelps swam the final leg of the relay. ​ ​ Mental Action: ​ ​ -Studied, knew, believes, prayed, etc… ​ ​ ​ Example: The scientist studied the human body. ​ ​ ​ Example: Julie knew the answer to the question on the test. Action Verbs (continued)​ ​ Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ​ ​ A transitive verb is an action verb that expresses an action directed towards a person or thing ​ ​  Billy threw the ball. {the action of threw is directed towards the ball} ​ ​ Megan held the baby. {the action of held is directed towards the baby} An intransitive verb expresses action, or tells something about the subject, without passing the action to a receiver.. ​ ​ Julie sang beautifully. ​ ​ Keenan played quietly. ​ A verb may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another. Examples: ​ ​ ​ Janet swam ten laps. (Transitive)​ ​ ​ ​ Janet swam well. (Intransitive)​ ​ ​ ​ The teacher read a poem. (Transitive) ​ ​ ​ The teacher read aloud. (Intransitive) ​ 2) Linking Verbs ​ A linking verb links or connects the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective in the predicate. -​ The predicate is the part of a sentence that says something about the subject. -​ A complete sentence needs to have a subject and a predicate (verb) ​ ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ ​ The star’s name is Taylor Swift. ​ ​ ​ ​ The subject name is linked with the noun Taylor Swift ​ ​ ​ Albert Einstein became a famous scientist. ​ ​ ​ ​ The subject Albert Einstein is linked with the noun scientist. ​ ​ ​ The banana looks ripe. ​ ​ ​ ​ The subject banana is linked with ripe ​ ​ Commonly used linking verbs Forms of Be Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Be, Being, Been Other Linking Verbs Appear, grow, seem, stay Become, look, smell, taste Feel, remain, sound, turn 3) Auxiliary Verbs ​ Also known as Helping Verbs ​ ​ ​ ​ Definition: Any verb that is used with another verb ​ ​ ​ Example: The workers have painted the house. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Main Verb = Painted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Helping Verb = Have ​ Helping verbs always come before the main verb Commonly Used Helping Verbs –​ Commit these to memory Forms of Be Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Be, Being, Been Forms of Do Do, Does, Did Forms of Have have, has, had Other Helping Verbs Can, May, Must, Should, Would, Could, Might, Shall, Will ​ ​ The Verb Phrase Definition: A verb phrase consists of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb. ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ ​ The workers have painted the house. ​ ​ ​ ​ -Verb phrase is have painted ​ ​ ​ He will be leading the orchestra tonight. ​ ​ ​ ​ -Verb phrase is will be leading ​ ​ ​ Have you eaten all the pizza? ​ ​ ​ ​ -Verb phrase is Have eaten Notice that the helping verb and main/action verb are NOT back to back. They CAN be separated by other words. 4) “To Be” Verbs ​ “To be” verbs are verbs that state a condition of being…that someone, something, or a condition exists.. ​ A strong writer tries to remove these from his/her writings (or at least tries not to over use them). -​ Why? To Be verbs are inactive, boring, and lazy. They show no action. They tell, not show. ​ ​ What are the “To Be” Verbs? -You need to remember these… -​ Am, Is, Are -​ Was, Were -​ Be, Being, Been. ​ How can I get rid of these in my writing? o​ Don’t use them -​ Replace them with active verbs Example: She complains about us being to close to the house. She complains about us playing too close to the house. o​ Rewrite the sentences Example: Kelly was sad. She cried herself to sleep. ​ Kelly cried herself to sleep Parts of Speech​ Part IV: Adverbs (adv) Adverbs Definition – A word used to modify a verb (most common), an adjective, or ​ ​ another adverb Modify = to describe the word or to make its meaning more definite ​ Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to what extent (how much or how long) Examples: Where?​​ The fire started here. ​ ​ ​ ​ The couple lives nearby. When?​ ​ The police arrived promptly. ​ ​ ​ ​ Then the suspects were arrested. How?​ ​ ​ The accident occurred suddenly. ​ ​ ​ ​ The teacher spoke carefully. Extent?​​ We should never lie to our friends. ​ ​ ​ ​ He has barely started the lesson. ​ Types of Adverbs We will learn 3 types of Adverbs ​ Adverbs that modify verbs ​ Adverbs that modify adjectives ​ Adverbs that modify other adverbs 1) Adverbs That modify Verbs ​ This is the most common type of adverb and what you think of when you hear the word adverb. ​ Adverbs may come before or after the verb they modify. ​ There can be multiple adverbs for one verb. ​ Also, Adverbs may come between the parts of the verb phrase. -A verb phrase consists of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb.  1)​ Examples Before or after the verb… Suddenly the man fell down. –​ Suddenly tells how the man fell –​ Down tells where he fell I seldom see her nowadays. –​ Seldom tells to what extent I see her –​ Nowadays tells when I see her Between parts of the verb phrase… Carly has already completed her part of the project. ​ Already interrupts and modifies “has completed”. ​ Already tells us when Carly has completed. Many students did not understand the directions. ​ Not interrupts and modifies did understand. ​ Not tells us to what extent the students understood. 2) Adverbs That Modify Adjectives_ ​ Not only do adverbs modify verbs, they may also modify adjectives to make the noun more definite. ​ Example: -An unusually slow starter, Kevin won the race. ▪​ Slow is an adjective modifying starter. ▪​ The adverb unusually modifies the adjective slow, telling us how slow of a starter Kevin was. -Our class is especially crazy this time of year. ▪​ Crazy is an adjective modifying class. ▪​ The adverb especially modifies crazy, telling us to what extent the class is crazy.  3)​ Adverbs That Modify Other Adverbs ​ Finally, adverbs may modify other adverbs in a sentence. Examples: Hannah finished the problem more quickly then Sarah did. ​ The adverb more modifies the adverb quickly, telling how quickly Hannah finished the problem. Our guests left quite abruptly. ​ The adverb quite modifies the adverb abruptly, telling how abruptly our guest left. The Last Thing to Remember If you haven’t noticed… ADVERBS COMMONLY END IN “-LY” Parts of Speech - Part III: The Adjective Adjective ​ Definition: A word used to modify a noun or a pronoun … ​ To modify a word means to describe the word or to make ​ ​ its meaning more define ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ ​ - The green grass… ​ ​ ​ - Two swimmers… ​ ​ ​ - this book… ​ An adjective a or pronoun by telling… ​ ​ - What kind ​ ​ - which one ​ ​ - How much ​ ​ - How many ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ The green grass… (what kind) ​ ​ Two swimmers… ( how many) ​ ​ This book… (which one) ​ Types of Adjectives ​ ​ We will learn 4 types of adjectives ▪​ Descriptive Adjectives ▪​ Predicate Adjectives ▪​ Proper Adjectives ▪​ Articles ​ 1) Descriptive Adjective ​ ​ ​ - Describes nouns or pronouns ​ ​ ​ - It shows quality or condition of a noun or pronoun ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ ​ The green grass was wet with dew. ​ ​ ​ The mild weather this weekend was nice. ​ ​ ​ My crazy aunt will be coming over for Thanksgiving. ​ 2) Predicate Adjective ​ ​ ​ -An adjective may come before or after the word it modifies ​ ​ ​ -A predicate adjective follows the after and describes the subject of the sentence. ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ ​ The game was fantastic. ​ ​ ​ Fantastic is describing game. ​ ​ ​ The flowers smelled amazing. ​ ​ ​ amazing is describing flowers. ​ ​ ​ The weather seemed horrible yesterday. ​ ​ ​ Horrible is describing weather. ​ ​ 3) Proper Adjective -​ A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun. -​ Like a proper noun, it is always capitalized. ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ Africa (Proper Noun)​ ​ ​ African nations (Proper adjective)​ ​ ​ America (Proper Noun) ​ ​ American flag (Proper adjective) ​ ​ Shakespeare (Proper Noun) ​ ​ Shakespearean drama (Proper adjective) ​ 4) ​ Articles -​ The most frequently used adjectives are articles. -​ What are Articles? ​ ​ ​ ​ a an, and the ​ ​ ​ There are 2 types of articles ​ indefinite ​ definite ​ Articles ​ ​ ​ - and ​ ​ ​ -They are used to refer to any one of a group ​ ​ ​ of items or people ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ A teacher, An author, A student ​ ​ ​ ​ - A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound ​ ​ ​ ​ - An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound ​ Article -​ Definite article THE -​ This is used to refer to a specific item or person ​ ​ Examples: ​ ​ The book, the student, the author, the key