Parasitology for Technologists (1) TL 202 Helwan University PDF

Department of Microbiology & Immunology Parasitology for technologists (1) TL 202 By Dr. Selwan Hamed Aboelnaga PhD In Pharmaceutical Sciences (Microbiology & Immunology) From Faculty of Pharmacy - Helwan University and UIU...

Department of Microbiology & Immunology Parasitology for technologists (1) TL 202 By Dr. Selwan Hamed Aboelnaga PhD In Pharmaceutical Sciences (Microbiology & Immunology) From Faculty of Pharmacy - Helwan University and UIUC (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) – Illinois – USA Introduction  Important terminologies Parasites are living organisms, which depend on a living host for their nourishment and survival. They multiply or undergo development in the host.  Important terminologies Parasitology (Parasit/ ology)is the science that deals with the parasites. Medical parasitology is the science deals with the parasites, which cause human infections and the diseases they produce.  Your Task / Job description Performs laboratory analyses and tests: How? Prepares samples. Sets up instruments. Runs tests. Reads, interprets and releases results.  Most of these medically important animal parasites fall into one of three groups: 1) Protozoa. 2) Helminthes. 3) Arthropods: The arthropods are highly advanced on the evolutionary scale. Their main medical importance is that they are subject to infections, which they transmit to humans.  Types of parasites 1) According to site of living: A) Ectoparasite: If a parasite lives on the surface of its host. B) Endoparasite: If internal, it is an endoparasite.  Types of parasites B) According to nature: 1) Obligate parasites; that is, they cannot complete their life cycle without spending at least part of their life in a parasitic relationship. However, many obligate parasites have free-living stages outside any host, including some periods of time in the external environment within a protective eggshell or cyst.  Types of parasites B) According to nature: 2) Facultative parasites are not normally parasitic but can become so when they accidentally enter the body of the host. Examples: acanthamoeba.  Types of parasites B) According to nature: 3) Accidental, or incidental, parasite: When a parasite enters or attaches to the body of a species of host different from its normal one ( unusual host). Example: Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm)  Types of Host 1) A definitive host: is one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity. Sexual reproduction has not been clearly shown in some parasites, such as amoebas and trypanosomes, and in these cases we arbitrarily consider the definitive host the one most important to humans.  Types of Host 2) An intermediate host is one that is required for parasite development, but one in which the parasite does not reach sexual maturity.  Types of Host 3) Reservoir host is any animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to humans, even if the animal is a normal host of the parasite. Examples are dogs with Leishmania spp.,…etc. Vectors: Insect vectors: A vector is an agent, usually an arthropod that transmits an infection from man to man or from other animals to man. e.g. female Anopheles is the vector of malarial parasite.  Parasites may be divided into two main groups (according to general characters): 1) Protozoa: Microscopic, unicellular, eukaryotic, motile organisms that lack photosynthetic capability. 1) Metazoa: Macroscopic, multicellular organisms. Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases 1) A fecal (stool) exam, also called an ova and parasite test (O&P) (used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness). 2)Endoscopy/Colonoscopy This test is used when stool exams do not reveal the cause of your diarrhea. Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases 3) Blood tests Serology This test is used to look for antibodies or for parasite antigens Blood smear This test is used to look for parasites that are found in the blood 4)Scanning: X-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, Computerized Axial Tomography scan (CAT) These tests are used to look for some parasitic diseases that may cause lesions in the organs. ‫مهم جدااااااا نعمله لكل‬ ‫هندرسه ‪Parasite‬‬ Thanks