PAPM Quiz PDF

1. Briefly describe three characteristics of classical democracy/Athenian democracy. - direct democracy - equal weight of vote - lottery based selection of political o;icials - short terms of o;ice, not same person more than twice - assembly of citizens has sovereign power (truly d...

1. Briefly describe three characteristics of classical democracy/Athenian democracy. - direct democracy - equal weight of vote - lottery based selection of political o;icials - short terms of o;ice, not same person more than twice - assembly of citizens has sovereign power (truly democratic, power of the people) - political equality, class, status doesn’t matter - free speech: yes but not as much as liberal democratic thought - they could be exiled if they veered too far - limited to free speech in the assembly - public servants paid by assembly - actions limited by constitutional law - terms: direct democracy/participation Sovereignty/collective authority Political equality Freedom of speech/association Limitations by constitutional law *maybe make distinctions between constitutional limitations athenian democracy and liberal democracy? - liberal demo doesn't have limitations to who can participate - athenian would only allow men (no women or enslaved) - di;erence in who can be a member of constitution 2. Briefly describe three characteristics of liberal democracy. - natural law - rights to personal property - separation of powers - dividing gov into branches, checks/balances - necessary to avoid tyranny of the majority  - guard against factions (factionalism) - ensure rights of minorities - regular elections - competition between factions, collision of ideas - majority rule - sovereignty in the people but they are represented by a representative - representative democracy not direct - state limited in its capacity - individual >>> state, but state is necessary - freedom of arbitrary treatment 3. What are the conditions of the state of nature, according to Locke? Why do individuals choose to leave the state of nature and form an independent society and a government? - conditions of state of nature: - What is the state of nature? - state people live in before gov established - peaceful co-existence of humans - liberty as long as you don’t harm others - if you harm someone they have the right to harm you back - state of nature determined by law of nature, authority of god - people enter the state to protect their liberty - liberty liberty liberty - they leave state of nature because they can’t know for certain everyone around them will follow principles - someone has to enforce it, this is the gov - if someone infringes on ur rights, gov can punish them - gov necessary evil - individuals governed by law of nature (authority of god) - your right to punish those who violate state of nature - must follow the will of god, god created everything  - state of nature lacks established known law - as rational creatures, we should know, but it isn't written 4. Why did Madison think a representative government, in an extended republic, could overcome the “excesses of ‘pure democracy’?” - pure democracy = direct democracy - representative democracy is better according to him - rep democracy fixes shortcomings of pure democracy - pure democracy may allow majority to overpower - rep democracy will hinder this - pure democracy problematic b/c elections would be super hard to have when the population is so big (compared to athens) - pure democracy assumes every participating individual is in the loop of politics, capable of making right decisions - electing wisest people fills the gap, they are the most competent to lead 5. Briefly describe three reasons why J.S. Mill advocated for freedom of expression. Collision of opinions is beneficial: - di;erences of opinion when clashing allowed to creations of ideas - di;erences of opinions lets people believe in their own opinions more strongly - act of authority suppression opinion implied infallibility on that authority - even if opinion produces a fraction of good, it should be considered - doesn't matter if some of it is bad/wrong - even if it's not true, it may contain some aspect of the truth Notes: *hell chapter good *focus on distinctions *track changes over time *test focused on general concepts not quotes/memorization