Pakistan's Role in International Affairs (1947-1999) PowerPoint

Pakistan's role in international affairs since 1947-1999 Hadia Adnan Khan  World after 1947  Cold war: ideological struggle between the democratic, capitalist bloc led by united states and communist bloc led by soviet union.  Pakistan allied with US because:...

Pakistan's role in international affairs since 1947-1999 Hadia Adnan Khan  World after 1947  Cold war: ideological struggle between the democratic, capitalist bloc led by united states and communist bloc led by soviet union.  Pakistan allied with US because: -the united nations was the most powerful country in the world, with the mos advanced economy. Pakistan was a new country and needed economic and political support to be established as a viable independent country. -Pakistan believed in private economy like the the usa and had traditional ties with the west -Islamic ideology was anti-communist. Pakistan-India  Pakistan and India Successes Failures  In December 1948 an agreement  1948 Kashmir war. Pakistan was reached which allowed for a angry that India retained the neutral tribunal to demarcate the largest area of Kashmir exact border between East including the capital Srinagar Bengal and Assam. and was determined to try to  Population transfer and handling gain control of the whole of refugees(especially minorities) Kashmir. 4 million inhabitants was very difficult in 1947 for both of Kashmir were mostly the countries thus in April 1950 Muslims thus Pakistan believed the it rightly belonged to her. Liaquat Nehru pact(Minorities agr  In 1949, an official ceasefire eement) was signed. line cutting through the state of  Kashmir was agreed between Talk of no war pact between the India and Pakistan was to be two states from 1949 to 1950 patrolled by United Nations  In 1960 the Indus water treaty troops. was signed  Pakistan and India 2 Successes Failures  May 1948,temporary agreement  The relations between the two was reached that India would countries were threatened by allow water to flow into Pakistan only if Pakistan agreed to find the Indian moves in 1954 and other alternatives. 1955 to try and integrate  In July 1972, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto occupied Kashmir into India. met Indian PM Indira Gandhi at Pakistan filed an appeal before Simla to sign the UN security council the Simla Agreement.  In 1957, the UN security  For the implementation of the simla agreement the Delhi council was so concerned that agreement was signed on 28 India might try to occupy August 1973. Kashmir again that it issued a  10 March 1983, both countries declaration re-confirming that signed an agreement to the whole of Kashmir was a establish joint commission to disputed territory and its future increase the cooperation between to countries in different could be settled only by a vote fields. by the people of Kashmir after the conditions improve.  Pakistan and India 3 Successes Failures  When Zia was in power the Kashmir  India was concerned about the issue wasn’t a priority hence India- military aid USA was providing Pak relations improved. Pakistan.   1965 war The cricket diplomacy.   1971 war In December 1988 both countries signed 3 agreements in Islamabad  In 1980s the Sikhs wanted their and Rajiv Gandhi was the first own homeland. Indians accused Indian PM to come to Pakistan for Pakistan of providing arms and the agreements. training the Sikh insurgents but  they didn’t have substantial In February 1999, Lahore proof. In 1984,Sikhs assassinated Declaration was issued in which Indian PM Indira Gandhi. Rajiv both countries agreed to normalize Gandhi became the PM and their relations and speed up their accused Pakistan of having a role efforts to solve the Kashmir issue in the assassination of his mother as well as to make sure that there despite Zia declaring the day is any nuclear accidental release on Indira died a day of national the other country. mourning.  Pakistan and India 4 FAILURES:  When India carried out the nuclear test in 1974 Pakistan got concerned and set up the Kahuta project and Pakistan worked on developing nuclear bomb.  In may 1988, India shocked the world by testing five nuclear devices. Just a few weeks later Pakistan detonated its own 6 nuclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills. UN secretary General asked both the countries to sign the comprehensive test ban treaty(CTBT). Pak refused after India refused. In 1998 both countries stopped the testing.  Siachen Glacier  Kargil conflict Conclusion: not successful in having good relations.  Pakistan and USA Successes failures  After the establishment of an  In 1962 china and India went to independent country Pakistan war. As china was communist decided to ally with the United states USA sent military aid to help of America India fight.  USA took several years to send an - That move offended Pakistan ambassador to Pakistan so Liaquat Ali government which rightly argued Khan got frustrated and accepted that it should have been at least USSR’s offer to visit in 1949 but consulted before India was given almost immediately arrived the aid. invitation to visit USA and in 1950 -Pak also argued that Americans Liaquat visited USA instead of USSR. should have forced the Indians to Liaquat established a the Pakistan accept arbitration on the Kashmir embassy in USA. issue as a price for receiving aid.  In 1962 both china and soviet  The Americans persuaded Indians to join an anti-communist pact with union seemed keener to have them but the Indians were reluctant. Pakistan as an ally than the USA. Then Pakistan was prepared to join  In 1962 Ayyub khan visited china such an alliance in return for military  In 1965 Ayyub khan visited Ussr. and economic aid.  Pakistan and USA 2 Successes failures  Between 1954 and 1955 Pakistan  During the 1965 war between India signed 3 agreements which firmly and Pakistan the USA joined UK in established it as a pro-west, anti an arms embargo on both communist country. countries. It badly affected Pakistan  Jaqueline Kennedy visited Pak in as Pakistan was dependent on the march 1962. west for economic and military aid.  Ayub Khan allowed the Americans to  In 1971 the USA did not help build air bases in Pakistan and remained loyal to the USA even after Pakistan during the civil war in East the highly embarrassing U2 affair. Pakistan and took few measures to  The Afghan Miracle help in the war against India.  President Clinton the US president  Ayub was deposed and replaced by who came in power in 1993 agreed Bhutto and Americans were that pressler amendment had led to concerned that he was not pro unfair treatment. American thus the relations  In January 1995 Defense secretary between the two countries William Perry visited Pakistan and deteriorated. Bhutto even accused declared that the pressler the Americans of organizing the amendment had been a mistake. opposition against him in 1977.  Pakistan and USA 3 Successes failures   By 1972 Pakistan had decided Bhutto visited USA in 1996 that membership of SEATO was  Brown amendment got of limited values and ZA Bhutto authorized by the us withdrew Pakistan from the government to reimburse organization. Pakistan for the F-16 payments  Relations reached rock bottom and provide $388 million in when Zia came to power in 1977. military equipment. Americans did not approve of military regimes  First lady Hillary Clinton and  In November 1979 the us her daughter Chelsea visited embassy in Islamabad was Pakistan in 1996 burned down and the USA accused ZIA of complicity in the attack and recalled many of its senior officials. All aid programs were also cancelled.  When the Russian-afghan war ended in 1988 USA stopped its aid immediately to Pakistan.  failures Pakistan and USA 4  In 1980 the USA tried to get Pakistan to sign the Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty. Bhutto made a speech saying that her country had no nuclear weapons but had the right to continue its nuclear program to ensure it could defend itself.  In 1985 the pressler amendment had said that the USA could only give aid to a country after the American President had declared that country had no nuclear weapons and was not developing them.  George h.w bush refused to declare Pakistan was nuclear free and blocked aid to the country and also stopped the sale of 28 F-16 fighter jets Pakistan had paid for.  The withdrawal of US aid was a s series blow to Bhutto's government as a major refurbishment of the military forces was under way.  Pakistan complained that pressler agreement only applied to Pakistan and not India. USA complain that Pakistan was becoming a major center for distribution of illegal drugs(between 1979-1999 the number of drug addicts rose from 10,000 to 4 million) and home made weapons. Weapons were falling into the hands of terrorist who were using them against USA.  In 1992 the USA came close to declaring Pakistan as a state sponsor of terrorism and place economic sanctions on the country  On 11 may 1998 India tested its nuclear capability for the second time. On 28 may Pakistan also made its nuclear explosions at chagai hills  USA put pressure with the major world powers to sign the comprehensive test ban treaty(CTBT) but Pakistan refused because India refused. Conclusion: partly successful Pakistan and the Soviet Union  Pakistan and soviet union successes failures   USSR invited PM Liaqat Ali Khan In 1956 USSR offered Pakistan a steel mill if they broke off the before the US But Liaqat Ali Khan alliance with USA but Pak accepted USA’s invitation. refused.   From 1947 / by 1950 onwards the When Pak-USA elations USSR increasingly began to deteriorated in 1960s and 1970s support India over the Kashmir there was an improvement in issue those between Pakistan and USSR.  Pakistan joined SEATO and  In 1961 Pakistan accepted soviet CENTO. Pak supported USA. assistance in oil and mineral  In 1955 the Soviet Union officially exploration and as a result relations between the two backed India In Kashmir and countries were enhance and soviet leaders visited Kashmir cooperation between them and began to give India developed. economic and technical  When India accepted help from assistance at the same time USA USA in its war with China (1962) was aiding Pakistan PAK-USSR relations become  Soviet Union also began to press better Pakistan over the Afghan claims in Pakhtoonistan  Pakistan and soviet union 2 successes failure   In may 1960s –u2 incident When china began to give Pakistan aid in 1963, USSR took  The soviet government was not more decisive steps to ally with happy with the fact that Pakistan Pakistan was accepting aid  In 1963 it loaned Pakistan £11 from both China and USA as million well as Soviet.   In 1971 Pak helped arrange a In 1965 Ayub Khan paid an official visit to USSR and further china-US agreement which agreements on trade and oil made the Soviet feel that usa exploration were reached and china was getting special treatment.  Close relations between  Soviet Union signed a treaty of Pakistan and USSR aided the mediation of peace between peace, friendship and India and Pakistan by the cooperation with India Soviet Premier Alexi Kosygin at guaranteeing soviet help if the Tashkent conference in India went to war with Pakistan.  Pakistan and soviet union 3 Successes failure   Soviet forces attacked bases In 1968 when American closed the Peshawar air base, USSR inside Pakistan which they began to supply arms to knew were being used to Pakistan. mount attacks against them  In 1972 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto -One of these raids in 1984 visited the soviet Union and resulted in 100 deaths. began to build friendly relations  Zia visited Moscow in 1984 for again the funeral of andiprov but he  It was at this meeting that the got a cold reception. Soviet Union agreed to build a  Hostile relations continued until steel mill in Pakistan 1973 1988 when the soviets finally  1999 Nawaz Sharif visited withdrew from Afghanistan. Soviet Union  Pakistan and soviet union 4 successes failures   In 1991 the ussr was dissolved Commitment to SEATO and CENTO declined…USSR glad and communism collapsed in Russia and Pakistan had a role  1963 Pak established a in that and with the end of communist Cuba base(ally of USSR there was no longer an USSR) ideological conflict with Russia.  1965 Ussr CRITICIZED India for  During 1990s Russia admitted crossing international that the Kashmir is a dispute boundaries between two countries.  Tashkent conference  Showed its concern when  1966 Soviet Union ended Pakistan and India tested their support for Pakhtunistan nuclear capabilities in may 1998 and declared that a new  1968- provided weapons to race of nuclear weapons would Pakistan be started in the region conclusion: bad relations Pakista n and china  Pakistan and China 1 successes failures  Pakistan supported China in  After Independence, relations joining the United nations in between China and Pakistan 1952 were not good because China  was a communist country and In 1956, Pakistani Prime Minister Pakistan was inclined towards Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy America. visited China  In 1959 Pakistan voted against  In 1962 China went to war with China’s admission to United India over a border dispute. Nations and condemned military China and India relations action in Tibet deteriorated an Pakistan moved quickly and settled her border  Ayub Khan proposed a joint dispute with China. Defence proposal which was  rejected by Jawaharlal Nehru but The border settlement was it still made China feel as if the closely followed by trade proposal was against them agreements 1960s  China did support Pakistan inn  China gave Pak a $60 million 1971 war with India because long term interest free loan China could not risk war with the regarding import machinery. Soviet Union  Pakistan and China 2 successes failures  PIA was the first non-communist  During 1990s China wanted to airline to conduct a fight to develop relationships with China other countries including India  There was an increase in number  China hinted during this time of visitors from China including journalists, engineers and that Pakistan might scientists etc. compromise over Kashmir  China supported Pakistan during  China concerned that Pak the 1965 war against India and might stir up Muslims living provided military aid. China’s support almost certainly helped over the border in china Pakistan obtain better terms in the ceasefire  Pakistan supported China’s entry in the UNO and security council.  China became the largest purchaser of Pakistani cotton  Pakistan and China 3 successes  Ayub Khan was given a warm welcome when he visited China in 1965  Pakistan established a significant role in establishing relations between china and USA during 1970s  Zulfikar Ali Bhutto visited China in 1972 and many of Chinese loans were turned into grants  China supplied Pakistan with tanks and aircrafts  China helped Pakistan in setting up a steel mill ( Heavy Mechanical Complex) at Taxila  In 1978 Karakoram highway opened  A treaty for cooperation in nuclear technology was signed in 1986 when General Zia ul Haq visited China.  Chasma Nuclear Power Project (CHASHNUPP) was complete with Chinese help.  Building of another Nuclear power plant at Mianwali is in progress  China gave generous help to accommodate Afghan refugees in Pakistan. China also supported Pakistan on Afghan crisis in General assembly and security council of the United Nations.  Pakistan and China 4 successes  Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China in October 1992 and he signed 3 agreements with China  PM Benezir Bhutto also visited China in Dec 1993 and gained Chinas support for Pakistan  In 1995 PM Benezir visited China for the 4th women conference  Gwadar port had been developed with Chinese help  On 28 May 1998 Pakistan tested its nuclear capability in response of Indian nuclear explosions and China said that it was in response to Indias explosions and an essential part of the security of Pakistan  1999 China partnered with Pakistan to make JF 17  CPEC project  Conclusion: very good relations U DID 50% OF THE CHAPTER KEEP GOING…LETS FINISH THIS THING Britain-Pakistan-commonwealth  Britain-Pakistan-commonwealth 1 successes failures  After Independence British  After 1947 Pakistan was provided Jinnah with help at the determined to break as many top levels of both military and links as possible with its old civil service colonial master  Britain also gave Pak financial  Commonwealth has not always and technical aid and advice. provided Pakistan political  support when it came to the Pakistan maintained good Kashmir issue. relations with Britain due to -during 1949-1950 Pakistan colonial attachment of more hoped that Britain would use its than 100 years. British position in the commonwealth personnel also remain Pakistan to insist on a plebiscite to post settle the Kashmir issue  Pakistan chose to remain with -Australian pm proposed that commonwealth(it was now a troops will be sent British dominion having its own India rejected the proposal and government but at the same UK and the commonwealth time recognizing the British failed to put pressure on India.  Britain-Pakistan-commonwealth 2 successes failures  In 1956 Pakistan declared itself a  In 1956, Britain invade the republic( this meant British Suez canal zone in Egypt. monarch had no say in how Pak Pakistan supported Egypt was governed) but Pak was still a despite their membership in member of the commonwealth. commonwealth and Baghdad -This membership gave Pakistan pact political and economic support. - At a commonwealth meeting in  Public opinion was that Pak Colombo Plan was set up to should withdraw from provide aid for Pakistan. commonwealth  Britain and Pakistan worked  There were many times where together as both members of Pak failed to support Britain CENTO AND SEATO.  British remained neutral  In 1965 Britain played a major through the Bangladesh crisis role in bringing the war(Rann of  When Britain recognized Kutch dispute) between India-Pak to an end. Final agreement Bangladesh as a separate signed in a commonwealth state, Pak under Z.A Bhutto left conference in London the commonwealth in protest  Britain-Pakistan-commonwealth 3 successes failures  During the Afghan Crisis, Britain  1965 embargo on selling supported Pakistan Margaret weapons to Pak and India Thatcher, the British PM was the first western leader to visit Pak  When Pak tested its nuclear after the occupation of capability on 28 May 1998, the Afghanistan. As a staunch ally of Britain expressed negative the USA Britain fully supported reaction on it. Following USA the role of Pakistan in Afghan struggle against Soviet Union economic restrictions were -Britain also gave £ 30 million aid imposed on Pak for the welfare of the Afghan  refugees with political support Pak was suspended from the -£16 million more to help commonwealth in 1999 due to refugees in Baluchistan and military coup of Pervez NWFP Musharraf  During 1980s Britain remained a highly important trading partner with Pak, with an estimated £376 million worth of trade between the two countries by 1986  Britain-Pakistan-commonwealth 4 successes  Pak returned to commonwealth in 1989  Pakistan saw commonwealth meeting very useful to put pressure on India over Kashmir  After the death of zia ul haq and due to the afghan crisis Pak-west relations improved.  Migration to Britain improved relations as Pakistanis were providing services and hardworking and honest labour  Substantial profit was given for the warsak dam project, mangla dam project and railway and irrigation system  Conclusion: successful Pakistan and Bangladesh  Pakistan and Bangladesh 1 Successes Failures  After the creation of  Relations remained strained Bangladesh, the prisoners of after the creation of 1971 war returned to Pakistan Bangladesh and the trading also started  Pakistan saw Bangladesh as a with one another. rebel nation having broken  In February 1974 PM of away from West Pakistan and Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib ur winning largely as a result of Rehman, was invited to a support from India meeting of the  During civil war there had been OIC(Organization of Islamic fierce fighting and that left a conference) in Lahore. This is legacy with distrust and anger the first time Pak recognized between the 2 countries Bangladesh as an independent state  Pakistan did not recognize  Bangladesh for 2 years Two countries agreed to recognize themselves as  When UK recognized Muslim friends and try to Bangladesh in 1972,Pak  Pakistan and Bangladesh 2 Successes Failures  In 1975-1976 the two countries  There had been a problem of changed ambassadors and reallocating assets that had reached an agreement to been shared. 1971: cooperate in trade, tourism and -Bangladesh claimed that it had media the right to many of the assets  of West Pakistan Communication link and air -asked over half of the assets- service were started in 1976. BHUTTO REJECTED IT  Close relations during the  Sheikh mujib ur rehman also period of president Zia-ur- insisted that Pak should take all Rehman of Bangladesh. non-Bengalis from  In 1983 both countries agreed Bangladesh(whether they to relax the visa requirements wished to leave or not). That for the cause of travel between was also rejected the two countries  By 1986 trade goods moving between the two countries had  Pakistan and Bangladesh 3 Successes Failures  In 1985 and 1988 Bangladesh was hit  1975-sheikh mujib killed in a by such severe weather that foreign military coup and Khonedekar aid was urgently needed. On both occasions Pak was the first to provide Mushtaq the new leader did not aid withdraw the claims over  assets and repatriation Bangladesh and Pak support each other on international forums  Bangladesh supports Pak on the  Conclusion: partly successful Kashmir issue  Both are members of the SAARC organization under which a number of agreements have been finalized for the promotion of trade tourism and exchange of cultural programs  In 1988 May, Bangladesh adopted a vert cautious approach when Pak and India had nuclear explosions and it stressed on the need of resolving bilateral disputes through negotiations  Pakistan and Afghanista n  Pakistan and Afghanistan 1 Successes Failures  Afghanistan shares a long border  The afghan government has with Pakistan and as it was a been hostile and unfriendly Muslim country Pakistan wanted to establish good relations with from the very beginning under Afghanistan the influence of Russia and  In 1956, Iskander Mirza visited India Afghanistan  Afghanistan had territorial  During Zahir Shahs time relations claims to the part of the NWFP between Afghanistan and Pakistan following establishment of were friendly and during the 1965 war Afghans supported Pakistan Pakistan but the Afghan government was -the afghans argued that the neutral pakhtoons living in Pakistan  ZA Bhutto visited Kabul wanted to join with Afghanistan  Access to India through Pakistan to form Pakhtoonistan was granted to Afghan trades  The afghan government was  Pakistan made generous hostile to Pakistan and was the contributions to a fund to deal with only state to vote against consequences of earthquake in Afghanistan in 1976 Pakistan joining the United th  Pakistan and Afghanistan 2 Successes Failures  In 1976 Daud and Bhutto  Afghanistan was landlocked and visited each others countries needed a transit route for its several times on the goods. In late 1947 Pakistan offered Afghans a route through encouragement of shah of Iran Pakistan but in return it expected who wanted to have good Afghanistan to drop its support terms on borders for Pakhtoonistan. The Afghan  government refused and instead When zia came to power in signed an agreement with the 1977 he continued to pursue USSR for a transit route through friendly relations Russia   In March 1955 Afghans attacked In oct 197 he visited Kabul and daud returned the visit in and ransacked the Pakistan embassy in Kabul march 1978 -Pakistan closed its border and cut off diplomatic relations for several months in protest  Afghanistan did not always adhere to a trade agreement with Pakistan.  Pakistan and Afghanistan 3 Successes Failures  1978-Noor Muhammad  In May 1961 armed Afghans Taraki( Afghan communist leader were driven back by Pakistani who replaced Daud) was killed by the rebels and the soviet union soldiers after they entered intervened with 80000 soviet NWFP soldiers and appointed Babrak  Pakistans diplomats in Kabul Karmal as the new head. Pak helped Afghanistan during the were harassed and diplomatic Afghan crisis. On 14th april 1988 relations were broken off. Even pressure from Pak and Afghanistan the intervention of US President led to soviet withdrawing and zia becoming a hero Kennedy failed to restore  diplomatic relations.( In may Humane treatment of the Afghan refugees in Pakistan 1963 due the efforts of Shah of  Iran the diplomatic relations Nawaz tried to bring the fighting to an end by calling leader got were resumed) talks.On 24 April 1993 nine  organisations of Mujahideen signed Afghanistan refused to join RCS on an afreement in Peshawar. Later in 1964 Islamabad accord was signed by 6  separate factions in March 1993 In 1972 sardar Daud PM of Afghanistan was very ostile to  Conclusion: Partly Pakistan and Afghanistan 4 successful or unsuccessful Failures  During the Afghan-Russian war, planes entered the Pakistani airspace and some of the Pakistani frontier areas were bombed. -Pakistan received more than 3 million Afghan refugees -it created a great burden on Pakistan's economy and there were problems related to drugs, armed robberies, bomb blasts, kidnapping, gun battles between rival gangs in border region and inside Pakistan -the lawlessness spread in Pak and became known as Kalashnikov culture. -when the afghan war ended western aid to Pak was stopped  During 1990s Benazir decided that Pakistan's best interest lay in supporting the Taliban in Afghanistan like other governments. -her government provided financial and military support to the Taliban in Afghanistan and even sent a small army unit to help them -the Taliban came to power in Afghanistan and religious fundamentalism grew n Pakistan. Pakistan accepted the Taliban government on 24 May 1997 -Bhutto later admitted her policy was a mistake and it had led to Islamic militancy which threatened stability in Pakistan Things you need to do  Kindly read and understand pages 188-192( Nigel Kelly)+pages 184,189,190,205,206,207,208 (Nigel smith)  Check out the next slides which have a few questions you must attempt and their respective mark schemes.  ~You are almost done~ Why Pak supported Palestine: -bond of Islamic brotherhood + the importance of Palestine -support of right and self determination of suppressed nations -Pakistan opposed to the creation of a Jewish state of Israel Chapter complete Pakistan-India Liaquat Nehru Pact  Signed agreement between India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India and prime minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali khan.  The two leaders agreed that each country would provide protection and religious freedom for the religious minorities.  It was hoped that this would encourage the minorities to remain where they are and to stop the tide of refugees. Indus water treaty  Indus Waters Treaty, treaty, signed on September 19, 1960, between India and Pakistan and brokered by the World Bank. The treaty fixed and delimited the rights and obligations of both countries concerning the use of the waters of the Indus River system.  The treaty gave the waters of the western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—to Pakistan and those of the eastern rivers—the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—to India  Solution to canal water dispute  https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/brief/fact-sheet-the-indus-wa ters-treaty-1960-and-the-world-bank Simla agreement  2nd july 1972  Between Indira Gandhi(Indian PM) and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto( Pak PM)  After the war of 1971  India agreed to return the prisoners of war to Pakistan in return for a promise from Pakistan that the Kashmir problem will be discussed directly with India and not in international forums such as the UN.  Delhi agreement:Pakistan got 93000 soldiers back as well as 5000+sq miles land. Cricket diplomacy  By 1987 relations had deteriorated to the point where two countries were close to war. In late January Indian army began exercises in the Rajasthan desert to intimidate the Pakistani army.  General Zia ul Haq flew to India to supposedly watch a cricket match between India and Pakistan in Jaipur.  There he met the Indian leaders, including Ranjiv Gandhi and managed to cool down the situation. Pakistan won the match  The exercise was called off  Benazir Bhutto and Rajiv Gandhi-Dec 1988 agreements  Not to bomb each other with nuclear weapons  To cooperate in the fields of art and culture  Give concessions on income obtained from international air transport  Uphold the terms of the 1972 simla agreement.  1965 war  In 1965, Pakistan forced the Indians to accept the independent tribunal to settle a border dispute over the Rann of Kutch on the Sindh/Rajhastan border and since then Pakistan hoped that would also happen in the Kashmir dispute. Pak wanted to force India to agree to the setting up of an international body to decide the ownership of Kashmir.  Pak's strategy: uprising in Indian controlled Kashmir.  In august 1965, armed guerrillas were infiltrated into India occupied Kashmir with orders to contact rebels and begin local uprisings. Pakistanis got limited local support for an uprising  1 sept 1965 the Pakistan army attacked Indian controlled Kashmir hoping to cut off the only road from Kashmir into India.  On 6 September Indian troops retaliated by attacking across the border, near Lahore. This was unexpected by the Pakistanis and the area was largely undefended. Only a few heroic defense troops in and near Lahore prevented it from being captured by India.  Indians then launched a second major offense in the Sialkot sector but it was repulsed.  Both sides agreed to a ceasefire after fighting  Tashkent conference(ceasefire)  Pak lost because India was stronger and more determined and US and Britain had placed an embargo on selling weapons to the two combatants but it had a worse effect on Pakistan as Pak was depended on the west of military equipment. Tashkent conference  In jan 1966…4-10 jan  Soviet union arranged a ceasefire conference in Tashkent in the soviet republic Uzbekistan.  Agreement produced a cease fire and a general agreement to sort out disputes peacefully  Signed by ayub khan and lal bahadur shastri (Indian prime minister)  Kashmir problem not solved 1971 war  Led to the formation of Bangladesh  India had a stronger economy and larger population than Pakistan and it Soviet Union had its back and was ready to support it during this war.  Civil war broke out and India helped the east Pakistani rebels who wanted independence and also trained Mukhti bahini  Pakistan lost and Pakistan's land was taken by India in addition to 93000 soldiers.  Paksitan high commission in Calcutta was closed and india high commission in Dhaka was closed Siachen Glacier  In 1977 an Indian colonel narinder kumar led a team of climbers up to the siachen glacier. In 1981 he returned and walked the length of the glacier.  Pakistan realized that the Indians had been there when one of their patrols found a discarded Indian cigarette packet. Pakistan decided to defend its interests before India claimed Siachen.  The border in that part of Kashmir had never been properly drawn. The glacier region didn’t seem to be of use to anyone.  But when Pak soldiers moved up to the glacier they discovered 300 Indian soldiers of the kumaon regiment were already dug into the mountain tops.  Both countries staked the claim and siachen became an important symbol.  Pakistan mounted several attempts to drive out the Indian forces.  In 1987 Pervez Musharraf led an assault to gain the control of bilafond la pass.  India held on despite the heavy fighting and bravery on both the sides.  In 1989 Benazir went to visit it.  Constant skirmishes and shooting have continued since the 1980s.  Death toll is a military secret but it is said that its 5000 lives. More soldiers have been killed due to avalanches and cold.  Troops spend more than USD 500 million each ear in preventing an occupation by the enemy forces. Kargil conflict  In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the line of control(unofficial border between free Kashmir and Indian-occupied Kashmir) and captured the Indian occupied towns of kargil and drass.  The Pakistani government denied any involvement but has since admitted that Pakistani paramilitary forces were involved.  In may India launched a counter attack during which it fired over 250000 shells and rockets.  Two of its aircrafts crossed Pakistani air space and one was shot down.  International community was horrified because 2 nuclear powered countries had gone to war.  In june 1999 us president Clinton persuaded sharif to withdraw all Pakistan forces from indian held territory behind loc.  India claimed to have killed 4000-6000 Pakistan troops.  Sharif was now unpopular 3 agreements Pakistan signed between 1954 and 1955 1. In may 1954 Pakistan signed the mutual Defense assistance agreement with the USA 2. In September 1954 SEATO(South East Asian Treaty Organization) was set up. -members: Australia Philippines USA UK News Zealand France + PAKISTAN Thailand -Treaty not ratified until 1955 due to opposition faced from within Pakistan -the treaty stated if any member were attacked it could appeal to the other members. Applied to only help against communist aggression. 3. In 1955, turkey and Iraq signed the Baghdad pact, establishing anti communist alliance against the soviet union. Later Britain, Iran and Pakistan joined the pact. All members Muslim except for UK. After Iraq left it was named CENTO(central asia Treaty Organization). The USA supported CENTO but never actually joined it. By 1979 the organization had quietly dissolved as it had no permanent structure or a system raising troops for mutual defense.  U2 affair/incident  In 1956 the American central Intelligence Agency(CIA) inaugurated a series of spy flights over the soviet Union by specially built high-altitude aircraft called the U2s.  Although the Russians knew about the flights, their aircraft could not reach the altitude of U2s and so were powerless to shoot them down  On 1st May 1960, a Russian Surface to air missile(SAM) shot down a U2 plane flying on a spy mission over the soviet union.  The Russian leader, Nikita Khrushchev set out to entrap the American President, Dwight Eisenhower.  At first the soviet union only announced that it had shot down the plane.  The USA replied that it was a weather plane that had strayed and there had been no deliberate attempt to fly over the Soviet Union. Only then did Khrushchev announce that the pilot, Gary Powers was alive and kicking together with his spy photos.  Powers admitted to the Russians that he had flown from a US base in Pakistan in peshawar over the Soviet Union en route to Norway.  The USSR was furious with Pakistan for permitting the flights and threatened retaliatory action  In its defense, Pakistan claimed that it knew nothing about spy missions. It told the Americans that they could no longer use airfield unless the destination of all air craft was notified in advance The afghan miracle 1979-1988  In December 1979 soviet union invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan was suddenly on the frontline in the war against communism,. The attitude of USA to Zia’s government changed overnight  USA offered Zia substantial economic and military aid to support afghan rebels and fight against the soviet union  Zia made the most out of America’s need and in 1980 he turned down their first aid offer as it was insufficient.  By 1981 Americans had agreed to a $1.6 billion aid package over 5 years and a further $1.5 billion loan at low rates of interest to enable Pakistan to buy modern US weapons.  This enabled Pakistan to enjoy rapid economic development and also to become a leading military nation in the region.  India objected  In 1986 a further aid program providing $4.2 billion worth of military and economic aid was signed  After Israel and Egypt Pakistan was the 3rd largest recipient of American aid. Pakistan and the Soviet Union Pakista n and china Karakoram highway  Road connects Pakistan to China  Was under construction since 1966  Largely financed by china and built by Chinese engineers  The terrain in which the road was built was so dangerous that every one km of road built one construction worker lost his life  The highway follows the old silk road through which Chinese goods had originally come to rest of Asia Britain-Pakistan-commonwealth Colombo plan  Set up to provide aid to Pakistan  More than one million £ was given towards the sui gas project  some of the wealthy commonwealth nations made individual contributions for example Canada gave $ 40 million towards the development of railway Pakistan and Bangladesh  Pakistan and Afghanista n