PA 8: Politics and Administration Reviewer PDF

**CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTANDING POLITICS** WHAT IS POLITICS? - "Politics" came from the Greek word "Polis" or "City-State." - **A City can be** Barangay and Component city. - **A State can be** Authority - Every city-state is a kind of social existence/association. That according...

**CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTANDING POLITICS** WHAT IS POLITICS? - "Politics" came from the Greek word "Polis" or "City-State." - **A City can be** Barangay and Component city. - **A State can be** Authority - Every city-state is a kind of social existence/association. That according to Aristotle "Man by nature is a political being." - That two or men interacting with one another are always involved in a political relationship called rule, authority, or power. Man by nature has dual tendencies: one towards the good and another towards the bad. Likewise, politics is either good ***(development goals)*** or bad ***(self-advancement).*** WHAT IS THE STATE? - It is the biggest political organization which has the greatest power within a particular territory and the power is sovereign over all other powers. - That the only way by which men could maximize their capabilities and attain the highest development of their social life was through political interaction with others in an institutionalized - the state. - That state is designed to resolve social conflicts and set collective goals that would attain and promote the good life. **IMPORTANCE OF POLITICS?** - To be loyal/ to renounce or to build/ to destroy politics is the very thing which gives order/disorder to the pluralism and civilized society, the thing which enables us to enjoy without suffering either anarchy (absence of government) or tyranny (unjust use of power). WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE? - It is a branch of social science which deals with the theories and practices on the origin, conflicts, and development of a nation and government. Therefore, the government of the **state is at the very center of politics and that of political science**. **CHAPTER 2: A SCIENTIFIC STUDY** SCIENCE? - The world "science" connotes any systematic approach to **human knowledge on a certain field of inquiry. It's a human knowledge.** - it is the characteristics that studies observation on the nature and development of theories explaining the phenomena. POLITICAL SCIENCE? - **Aristotle** - Father of Political Science - Made an empirical study of political phenomena by using the city-state as a laboratory. - **Machiavelli** - The laboratory of a political scientist is the world of politics. - His laboratory is much larger, in terms of the population. THE FIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCES 1. **POLITICAL THEORY OR PHILOSOPHY** - Which express the moral or ethical standards that government may adopt to run the public affairs. **POLITICAL IDEOLOGY (DOCTRINE).** - The normative implications on the method and ways by which the state and society are organized for human welfare; and - For the common good given certain fundamental human values. ***Further explanation on first bullet:** t's about what should be done to ensure that people's well-being is prioritized in the way our societies are structured and governed.* 2. **PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW** - The study of relations between sovereign states between different levels of government. **IT IS SUBDIVIDED INTO** I. International law II. Constitutional law III. Administrative law IV. Jurisprudence V. The science of law; legal system, foundations of law from the historical, sociological, and ethical viewpoints. *It means that everything should be constitutional* 3. **COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT** - The study uses the descriptive analytical frameworks which give emphasis on political process and sociological method in seeking the similarities and differences among states as regards 3 branches of the government, constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties and process, economic, social and political functions, and their culture and traditions. 4. **PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION** - Administration brings forth the knowledge on the technique and methods of managing and administering government in the phases of administrative organization, personnel administration, financial or fiscal administration, and the management of good public relations. - It also includes the determination and adoption of appropriate measures pursuant to the rule -making power or legislative bodies. *It gives emphasis on good public relations, taking in charge, capabilities, and result or the impact of their output.* 5. **POLITICAL DYNAMICS** - Political parties, public opinion and propaganda, pressure and interest groups) - Which ae concerned with the interplay of different societal forces that influence political decision and actions on the formulation and determination of public policy. **EXAMPLES OF FORCES** I. Economic II. Social III. Political IV. Moral or religious V. Educational VI. Cultural in nature 6. **GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS, AND ECONIMICS** - Emphasis to government exercise of corporate, or business function, as well as its regulatory function affecting the national economy. - These are about the welfare states, the budget, fiscal management, government regulation of business, business functions of the government, full employment, price stabilization, inflation, and economic growth. *It is what the government do to regulate that may affect the national economy.* 7. **LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION** - Its structure and organization - The role: It shall contribute to attain adopted development goals. They should know what the best for the counties is. **CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGICAL IN THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE** EXAMPLES OF METHODS TO ANALYZE POLITICAL PHENOMENA 1. **OBSERVATION OR EMPIRICAL METHOD** - The scientific attitude by observing actual political institutions and their processes. - Every change in their operation and structure, every method in the formulation and determination of their laws and policies, and every new system of administration in a state. 2. **HISTORICAL METHOD** - The historical method enlightens the origin and evolution of the state and its institutions, by seeking to explain: The practices and factors that influence its growth and development. - It should depend much upon the evidence of experience of the state to be able to explain the present and future development of its institutions. 3. **COMPARATIVE METHOD** - It brings into focus political intuitions and practices at different periods of history. - The study can draw similarities and differences in the structure and systems of the governments, their laws and constitutions, judicial systems, local government units, electoral process, political parties, culture, and customs of their people. 4. **ANALYTICAL METHOD** - The analytical method would make a detailed study about political intuitions evaluating their interrelations in the exercise of their power and performance of their functions, and their relations with other functions groups in society. - To analyze and examine their **worth, value, and how they work.** **CHAPTER 4: THE MEANING AND NATURE OF THE STATE** THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE To have understanding on the origin of the state, it is necessary to study some of the most common or well-known theories. They are trying to argue which is which to adopt THE THEORIES ARE 1. The Divide Right Theory 2. The Social Contract or Social Compact Theory 3. The Force Theory 4. The Natural Theory 5. The Patriarchal Theory 6. The Instinctive Theory 7. The Economic Theory 1. **THE DEVINE THEORY** - The most viable form of the sate was monarchy supported by royal bureaucracy. - This theory presents the view that the state was created by God. The authority to govern the people was ordained by God upon rules who were regarded as of divine descent (the royal family). 2. **THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY** SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORIES FROM DIFFERENT PEOPLE - **THOMAS HOBBES** - The absolute monarchy would be much more effective than any other kind of government. - His political and social philosophy upholds as indecisive *(perhaps meaning not easily challenged or overthrown)* and inalienable *(cannot be taken away or given up)* in the sovereign ruler, who represent the state to keep peace in a civil society for the protection and promotion of the welfare of citizens. - **JOHN LOCKE** - Men were rational beings and could make use of natural law for their own good. - Thus, in a social contract to which they voluntarily consented, they created the state for the purpose of promoting and preserving their natural rights to life, liberty and property. - In this society, men instituted the state where a social contract or covenant was formulated between citizens and government, a trustee which they could dismiss if it did not maintain the freedom and equality that men originally knew and enjoyed. - In other words, when government no longer served the citizens interest and welfare, it might be resisted or overthrown. - Locked asserted that political powers or sovereignty, should not be assigned to the monarch, but to the people's representative in parliament should be supreme. - In Locke's view, the legislative power, under the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the people had the supreme power to change, through peaceful election or revolution, if such representatives acted contrary to the trust vested in them. - **JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAUS** - Emphasize about the community that possess a "general will" shared by every member, who would be stronger and freer than an individual living independently in a state of nature. - Not monarch or parliament but direct one (democracy) - He believed that the only free government was a direct in which the citizens directly participate in a town meeting to perform the function of government. - All citizens, have equal right to participate in the making of laws and in the decision-making process. - Popular participation, therefore, connotes participatory, and that "the government only in so far as it operates according to the principle of popular sovereignty." - Government is merely an agent with delegated power which could be withdrawn or altered as the general will of the people dictated. 3. **THE FORCE THEORY** - According to this theory, the state came into existence out of conquest, force or coercion. - The state existed from leaders strong enough to aster their leadership and power through force, conquest or violence. - They subjected the people and compelled them to obey their law. Consequently, these leaders became the seat of sovereignty power. 4. **THE NATURAL THEORY** - Under this theory the state was just like a living organism which was natural because it had the capacity to grow, develop, and attain a fully civilized life. - The development of the state, as Aristotle argued, was rooted from the interest and need of individual. - These aspirations had been progressively met by the family, the clan, the tribe, the nation, and finally, "by the complete community of social existence that was best expressed by the state." 5. **THE PATRIARCHAL THEORY** - The state evolved from the smallest unit of society - The family. - Gradually, the family headed by a parent enlarged into a clan and later expand into tribe, to nation, into state. *John Kennedy - What you can do in our country, then what the government can do for you.* 6. **THE INSTINCTIVE THEORY** - The advocated of this theory claimed that the state was created because of the natural inclination of men towards political association. - A social being by nature, man associated himself with other men for self-preservation and security. - The state is good to develop man's rational being and to enhance his political involvement, but also for the state to maximize citizens' participation in politics. 7. **THE ECONOMIC THEORY** - The exponents of the economic theory believed that the state developed out of man's economic wants. - Man, isolation could not procure all the necessary things that he needed. To satisfy his wants, he had to associate with other men to provide themselves with their various needs through exchange of goods and services and lead a societal existence. - **Plato** - He conceived the state as a social system of services in which the members both gave and received not only for their mutual benefit but also for the general well-being of the community. - For general benefit **CHAPTER 5: THE NATION - STATE** **DEFINITION OF A STATE** - A state is a community of persons more or less numerous occupying a definite territory completely free of external control and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience (James Garner) 4 ELEMENTS OF A STATE 1. **PEOPLE** - Refers to the inhabitants or population of a state 2. **TERRITORY** - Consists of the land within the boundaries of the state, the air, space above the land, the island, waters, minerals and natural resources, and 12 miles of the sea beyond the state coastlines. 3. **GEORAPHY** - It refers to the location and physical features. 4. **GOVERNMENT** - Is an institution by which society needs for services are satisfied and by which men's conflicting interests are reconciled. **CRUCIAL ELEMENTS** - A strong sense of solidarity and love for their country "Spirit of national unity". - A common unifying bond that holds them together emotionally, culturally, spiritually, and socially. THE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STATE THAT THE GOVERNMENT SEEKS TO ATTAIN 1. **COMMON DEFENSE** - Domestic order and tranquility - By providing laws to regulate peoples conduct and an effective system of law enforcement. - To defend the state from external aggression. 2. **BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY AND JUSTICE** - Liberty/freedom - citizen has not only the legal right but the moral responsibility to exercise these rights with "right reasons", and within limits prescribed by law. - Legal justice is administered by the courts under the law - Social justice is concerned with the sharing economic wealth of the state through equitable distribution of opportunities. 3. **PROMOTION OF PUBLIC MORALITY** - Promotion of the general welfare - By performing service functions and other government activities relative to the care of the general interests and well-being of the state. - Concerned with value judgements and moral standards which aims at the highest good to attain the good life. SOVEREIGNTY It is defined as the supreme and final legal authority of the state to enforce its will by legitimate force if necessary. **CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVEREIGNTY** - **Comprehensive** - Its supreme legal authority extends to all within its boundaries or the highest level of power over everything. - **Indivisible** - The general will be the peoples will for the common good and not particular individuals. - **Permanent** - If the state exist, sovereignty is always present. - **Absolute** - Is not subject to restriction by any other power. **CHAPTER 6: R.A NO. 8941 AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE CODE OF THE NATIONAL FLAG, ANTHEM, MOTTO, COAT OF ARMS AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS AND SEVICES OF THE PHILIPPINES.** 1. **Section 1: Short title** - This act shall be known as the "flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines" 2. **Section 2: Declaration of Policy** - Reverence and respect shall always be accorded the flag, the anthem and other national symbols which embody the national ideals and traditions, and which express the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. The heraldic items and devices shall seek to manifest the national virtues and to inculcate in the minds and hearts of our people a just pride in their native land, fitting respect and affection for the national flag and anthem, and the proper use of the national motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices. 3. **Section 25: Pledge of Alliance to the Philippine Flag** Ako ay Filipino Buong katapatang nanunumpa sa watawat ng Pilipinas At sa basing kaniyang sinasagisang ng may dagal, katarungan, at Kalayaan. Na pinakikilos ng sambayang maka diyos, makatao, makakalikasan, at makabansa. Such pledge shall be recited while standing with the right-hand palm open raised shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs prohibit them from making such pledge must nonetheless show full respect when the pledge is being rendered by standing at attention. 4. **Section 35 and 36: The national anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang** - It shall always be sung in the national language within or without the country. 5. **Section 4: The national Motto** - Makadiyos - Makataon - Makakalikasan - Makabansa 6. **Section 49** - The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) and the Commission on Higher Education shall ensure that the National Anthem, as adopted by law, shall be committed to memory by all students of both public and private educational institutions, and performed during the flag ceremony conducted in accordance with the rules and regulations issued by the Office of the President. In addition, they shall make available the vocal, piano or band scores of the National Anthem, as adopted by law, to all private and public schools, as well as he public. 7. **Section 50** - Any person or judicial entity which violates any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos (5,000.00) not more than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00), or by imprisonment for not more than one (1) year, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court: Provided, That for any second and additional offenses, both fine and imprisonment shall always be imposed: Provided, That in case the violation is committed by a juridical person, its President or Chief Executive Officer thereof shall be liable.