Cory's Speech on 1973 Constitutional Convention (Cory.pdf)

Cory’s Speech During the Joint 1973 Constitutional Convention Session of the US Congress Delivered When Marcos Sr. Declared Martial at Washington, D.C. (Sept. 18, 1986) Law, the Constitutional Convention...

Cory’s Speech During the Joint 1973 Constitutional Convention Session of the US Congress Delivered When Marcos Sr. Declared Martial at Washington, D.C. (Sept. 18, 1986) Law, the Constitutional Convention of 1971 continued its work. Background of Martial Law However, the ConCon delegates 1960s: Time of Change (ex. Aquilino Pimentel Jr., Lilia De Student Protests Lima, etc.) who opposed the Disillusionment with Traditional extension of Marcos' tenure were Politics imprisoned or watched Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas According to Delegate Augusto splits into two (PKP- 1930 and Espiritu, Marcos even interfered in CPP-NPA) the writing of the new constitution PKP was aligned with the CPSU, Marcos Sr. sent the new while CPP with the CPC Constitution to the Citizen's Timberman: By 1972, there were Assemblies, which supposedly 1000 NPA guerillas operating "ratified" it (as announced in Rise of the Mindanao Proclamation 1102) Independence Movement due to With a vote of 6-4, the Supreme settler-colonialism in Mindanao Court affirmed the 1973 ○ Later led to the creation of Constitution was in effect the secular Moro National (Javellana v. Exec Sec.) Liberation Front in 1972 1971 Midterm Elections: Liberals Provisions of the 1973 Constitution gaining ground after Plaza Miranda The 1973 Constitution provided for ○ CPP is accused of causing a parliamentary system (at least on the explosion, but it is paper) uncertain if they did ○ Due to the transitory Constitutional Convention to provisions, Marcos Sr. replace the colonial 1935 remained in charge Constitution ○ Controversy: Should The bicameral Congress was Marcos' tenure as president replaced with a National Assembly be extended? (which never convened, and was Proclamation 1081 put the instead replaced by the Batasang Philippines under Martial Law Pambansa in 1978) ○ Announced on September ○ Amendment no. 6 allowed 23, 1972 Marcos Sr. To legislate even with the Batasang Marcos Sr. Declares Martial Law Pambansa When Martial Law was declared, Voting age reduced to 18, and classes were suspended to arrest literacy requirements were student activists removed Universities did crack down on Only Filipinos were allowed to student orgs manage educational institutions Media all went quiet Congress was effectively dissolved Effects of Martial Law LOI 1: Marcos Sr. takes over media and utilities  ○ Marcos ally Gilberto Duavit ○ Ex: Manila Film Center takes over Global Media Disaster Arts(GMA) Cronyism ○ Meralco taken by Imelda's ○ Giving jobs with brother Kokoy Romualdez “friends”/corruption ○ Led to media censorship ○ Rodolfo Cuenca: (ex. Voltes V was banned Infrastructure due to "violence") ○ Danding Cojuangco and Positive Side (Foreign Affairs): Juan Ponce Enrile: Coco Marcos Sr. opened diplomatic Levy relations with communist states ○ A tax meant to help (ex. China, USSR, Eastern coconut farmers develop, Europe) and the Global South but was stolen by Enrile 1974: American rights to exploit and Danding Philippine resources on the same ○ Roberto Benedicto: Sugar level as Filipinos lapsed. By 1977, the rot began to set in PD 2 and PD27: Land Reform ○ Economic collapse which did not work ○ Too many loopholes (which 1978 Elections allowed Marcos cronies to Marcos merges LP and NP to form gain more land) KBL (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) ○ Ex. Only covered rice and ○ KBL Candidates led by corn (so hacenderos could Imelda Marcos tell farmers to plant other Ninoy Aquino establishes Lakas ng crops) Bayan (LABAN) to contest the No judicial independence (Marcos election forced judges to submit resignation Lopsided victory for the KBL letters) ○ The election turned out to In 1975, the Philippine be fraudulent. Constabulary would absorb the Hilario Davide Jr.'s Pusyon Bisaya Integrated National Police (local wins seats for the opposition police forces) ○ This militarized the police Prelude to Snap Election and EDSA force Revolution ○ Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, as Marcos Sr. officially lifts Martial PC Chief, was also chief of Law and sets a new presidential the INP. election in 1981 Arrest of political opponents ○ Opposition boycotts, and ○ Timberman: the silencing of Marcos wins 88.02% of the the traditional opposition vote drove dissidents to the ○ Ret. General Alejo Santos NPA, so just like what Jojo (Nacionalista Party- Jose Abinales would write, Roy wing) was the main Marcos was the biggest opponent of Marcos NPA recruiter Death of Ninoy Aquino sparked Abuse of ordinary people protests (especially urban poor)  Marcos' ill-health caused instability Feb 25: Marcos family fled to due to the uncertainty of the Hawaii succession REMEMBER: IT WAS MARCOS ○ Marcos was diagnosed with SR. vs. THE PEOPLE! lupus, but he tried to hide it ○ Not Aquino vs. Marcos Sr. from the people ○ The people had enough of The Regular Batasang Pambansa corrupt leadership Elections took place in 1984 ○ 1/3 of the seats go to the President Corazon Aquino’s speech opposition (UNIDO and before the U.S Congress PDP LABAN) The Speech is… Impeachment complaint filed Composed of 32 paragraphs against Marcos Sr. but fails due to 120 sentences the KBL supermajority. 2,312 words 1984: 1973 Constitution Authored by Teodoro Locsin Jr. amended...again, to recreate the Tackles about Ninoy and his position of Vice President heroism, the triumph of People Power, Marcos as a dictator, & the Snap Election - election called earlier significant role of US than one has been sched In 1986, President Marcos Sr. Maria Corazon “Cory” Sumulong Called for a snap election Cojuangco Aquino The CPP-NPA-NDF boycotted the Universally known as “Cory” election Profession: Housewife Corazon Aquino was his opponent, 11th and First Female President of because she was the only one who the Philippines could unite the opposition Parents are Jose Cojuangco Sr. ○ Under the United and Demetria Sumulong Nationalist Democratic Born on January 25, 1933 in Organization (UNIDO) and Paniqui, Tarlac Province PDP-LABAN Philippines to a wealthy, politically Marcos Sr. was proclaimed winner prominent family by the COMELEC after a Elementary: St. Scholastica’s fraudulent election College, Manila (Valedictorian) ○ It was no surprise that Secondary: Notre Dame Convent Marcos Sr. was proclaimed School (Presently Notre Dame the winner since he School) in New York controlled the Batasang Tertiary: Bachelor of Arts Major in Pambansa, COMELEC, French and Mathematics, College and the Courts. of Mount Saint Vincent in New York in 1954 and abandoned further EDSA Revolution studies to marry Benigno Aquino, Cory called for boycotts of crony Jr. businesses Children: Ballsy, Pinky, Viel, Enrile and Ramos turned on Noynoy (+) and Kris Marcos Sr. after Marcos sidelined She passed away on August 1, them in favor of General Fabian 2009, at the age of 76 due to Ver colorectal cancer Intent of Speech To declare the freedom of the Filipinos from the Marcos regime. To mark a new beginning for the Filipinos and to its government. To appeal for financial assistance by informing the Americans about the Philippines’ state. Perspective: As a victim of Marcos Sr.’s cruel regime As the faithful wife of Senator Benigno Aquino As the People’s Champion As the Mother of Asian Democracy The three times Cory Aquino lost Ninoy Aquino 1. Ninoy’s detainment 2. Ninoy’s trial and fasting 3. Assassination of Ninoy Summary & Reflection In her speech, Cory promised the Philippines two main things: one, that she will make sure that the country remains a democracy no matter what, and two, that there will always be peace during her reign as president of the Philippines. Ninoy Aquino and Cory Aquino both displayed awe inspiring acts of bravery and nationalism. Democracy is a gift that we, as citizens of this country, should treasure and protect at all costs. The unity and courage that the Filipino people showed during the EDSA Revolution truly marked the world as one of the most life-changing events in history. It showed the world how to start a revolution without spilling any blood. Our freedom is something we should always fight for. Political Caricature of the American reservations (difference to Era, Filipino Grievances Against Hare-Hawes Cutting). Leonard Wood ❖ Commonwealth government under Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of 1935 Consti (amended in 1941) - the American Era (1900- 1941) remained in force until the second Policies of American political parties to term of Ferdinand Marcos Sr. PH: Democratic Party: Pro-Philippine Jones Law (August 29, 1916) Independence first formal and official declaration ○ Northern Democrats: of US commitment to grant Anti-Imperialism independence to PH. ○ Southern Democrats: White process of America and modern, Supremacy (giving Filipinos left lasting legacy (in education, the right of Americans → economic, social welfare, and add non-white citizens). religion). Republican Party: Opposed to PhilippineIndependence ❖ Influence vs Christianity ○ because of economic interest. First Batch of Senators 24 - 1916 Rise of Political Parties in the PH 3 businessman Partido Federal/ProgreSista: Ph to 11 lawyers become US state (1905), changed 1 agriculturist its goal → eventual independence. 4 lawyer-journalists Partido Nacionalista: PH to gain 1 physician complete and immediate 4 lawyer- agriculturists independence from American rule (officially) Government under Jones Law ○ Nacionalistas in PH Two-Chamber Philippine Assembly (1907 election) legislature House of Representatives and Senate ❖ US planned to control PH until ○ senators elected by district 1935 → become free and (2 senators for 11 districts) independent through ○ mimic US Senate (96 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act → Manuel senators, 48 states) Quezon and PH senate block it → Special Power for each houses secured Tydings- McDuffie Act. ○ Representatives: introduce ❖ Tydings McDuffie Act or Philippine bills to raise money. Commonealth and Independence ○ Senate: confirmation of all Act (1934), US statue that provided cabinet appointments. for PH Independence, take effect Filipino Government except for on July 4, 1946 → after a 10 year Governor-General and Vice- transitional period of Governor-General (appointed by Commonwealth government the US President with consent of allowed for negotiations Senate) with regards to military  ○ Governor → 2 senators for Newspapers → El Renacimiento 12th senatorial district ano Lo Vanguardia contains (non-Christian District) political caricatures ○ Vice Gov. → Secretary of Public Instruction (DepEd Lipag - Kalabaw (1906) and DOH). satiric cartoons → Tagalog & ○ Department secretaries are Spanish Filipinos. anonymity → not having masthead and artists use pen names Right to Vote (Jones Law) Voice for independent radicals Men already voters or: affiliated Nacionalista Party ○ literate Spanish/ Set high standard (satire and English/PH language. artistry) never equalled. ○ paid 30 worth of taxes/ owned land - 500 pesos. Philippine Free Press (1906) W.A. Kincaid → Bunkupt Features of the 1935 constitution purchased by Scott (McCullough (original) Dick) Strong Presidency ○ after war - Teodoro Locsin ○ Emergency powers - no Sr. limits Spanish & English ○ Single term president distinctive mix of investigative (1935-1941) ex. president reporting and institutions for in 1935, elected in 1947 but emerging Filipino middle class not 1941. avoids jingoism - more personal than national Unicameral National Assembly not anti-Filipino / tied to a particular Harking back to Malolos party Commission in Appointments Stands for integrity/ democracy / replaced senate in confirmatory Philippine national progress role. Commission in Impeachment → The Independent (1915) impeachment cases → National Father of cebuano letters (Vicente Assembly tried it (Nacionalista Yap Sotto) majority = no impeachments). forum - publishers political Replaced by Bicameral congress crusades. in 1941. advocate reform of Nocionalista Literate men above 21 could vote Party ○ women 2 years later. militant of nacionalists paper. WRITERS Darker Side questions of American influence tenancy/poverty/internal integrity Rural poverty attack anything stood in free. Worse manila urban ○ Fernando Amorsolo → Dependence among them angriest manila’s political economic, strategic, and political) cartoonists. → reason to fought independence. Authors of PH cartoons: compiled ○ Council of Senate: caricatures existed during American harmonize Executive and Occupation. Legislative Branches. 1. Alred Mccoy Wood continued to administer the a. Harrington Proffesor Government (History) Fillipino to President Coolidge but b. Yale Univ - PhD he sided with Wood. c. Univ California - MA d. BA European History - Sequence of Events Columbia Univ Wood opposed nacionalistas e. leading historians of (Quezon, Laurel) southeast asia (expertise December 13, 1922 - Manuel →Ph political history, Quezon and Roxas → called Wood golden triangle…) to tender the thanks of the 2. Alfredo Roces legislature. a. painter / biogropher closing banks and suspension of essayist / artist penalties about land tax - protest to b. Kundiman award - 1972 Wood by Quezon - cause of c. articles about art in resignation was the crisis by Ray international magazines / Conley, suspended charges. daily column d. editor-in-chief - 10th Ray Conley volume in Encyclopedia accept bribes gambling - suspend by Mayor Ramon Fernandez. Caricature Jose Laurel approved but Wood 1. Corruption of a city did not. 2. The Colonial Condition ○ Senate angered and 3. Uncle Sam and Little Juan resigned since Wood did 4. Distant Province not respect them / powers. 5. Aliens in midst Quezon, Osmeña, Roxas, and other members go to Quezon's Filipino Grievances Against Leonard house and agree to submit Wood resignation Governor-General Leonard Wood Cabinet finally resign (between ○ he changed Gov-Gen. Laurel and Santos) Francis Burton Harrison because of new Republican Filipino's Expectations administration. Wood paticipate to liberation of ○ annoyed PH Legislature - Cuba, spirit of cooperation is disapproved 16 billspassed. maintained. ○ honest and competent Political emancipation is complete. leader Reality Cabinet Crisis 1923 usurpation and arbitrary acts. dissatisfaction → Wood to resign curtailment of autonomy and en masse (sabay-sabay sila destruction of constitutional magre-resign) system.  Reversal America's PH Policy → 15. Discord and dissension between part of Republican platform. Christian andMohammedan 16. Strained relations between Executive Order No.37 Americans and Filipinos. Wood nultify laws created the 17. Dispose companies capitalized to Board of Control (managed American interests. GOCCS) and functions of it. 18. Sanctioned campaign of 1926 to early part of 1927 → battle propaganda in USagainst Filipinos. against Board of Control and 19. Attempted to close PNB Board of Directors. 20. Practicing intervening in, 1927 - Wood go back to US - controlling. October 1921 undergo surgery → 21. Insistenly sought the amendment he died, mission for PH leaves to of law approved by US - laissez-faire unfinished. exploitation by predatory interest. Grievances The Protest 1. Refused his assent to laws against arbitrary acts and 2. Set at naught (legal authority and usurpations of mood. heads of department) 3. Reversed policy of Filipinizing the Real Reasons Nacionalistas Opposed service of the government Wood (Americans inuna) Quezon for leader of 4. Obstructed the carrying out of independence (Roxas, Osmeña) national economic policies duty Political embarassment if they did adopted by Legislature. nọt act. 5. Substituted constitutional advisers Quezon and Osmeña scared of for military losing votes rather than welfare of 6. Rendered perfunctory the power of the people. Legislature. (pass annual ○ Quezon, domineering as appropriation law - reviving items Wood. in the law of previous year) 7. Made appointments to positions and authorized the payment of salaries. 8. Used public funds - grant compensation to officials. 9. Arrogated unto himself the right of exercising the power by Emergency board after abolishing 10. Unduly interfered in justice. 11. Refuse to obtain advices from senate for appointments. 12. Refuse to submit the appointment to vacancies. 13. Continued in office nominees - appointments rejected by senate. 14. Usurped legislative power.