Manila Science High School Grade 12 General Physics I PDF

MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 12, S.Y. 2024-2025 GENERAL PHYSICS I 1st Semester Finals FORCE & NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION Force - Push or Pull - Object’s Interaction with its environmen...

MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 12, S.Y. 2024-2025 GENERAL PHYSICS I 1st Semester Finals FORCE & NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION Force - Push or Pull - Object’s Interaction with its environment - Vector quantity - Unit is Newton (N) Net Force - The sum of all forces acting on the object - A physical quantity that is capable of changing an object’s state of motion Four Fundamental Forces 1. Gravitational Force - Force of attraction between two masses - Example: Position of the stars and planets 2. Electromagnetic Force - Force that affects charge particles - Examples: Your hair will be attracted to the balloon, The electrons from the clouds will travel towards the land – Thunderbolts 3. Weak Nuclear Force - Example: Radioactive decay, nuclear fusion and fission 4. Strong Nuclear Force - Binding force for particles in the nucleus Four Fundamental Forces from strongest to weakest 1. Strong Nuclear Force 2. Electromagnetic Force 3. Weak Nuclear Force 4. Gravitational Force Derived forces acted on an object 1. Weight - Gravitational attraction of an object and the earth - Always directed downwards - 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 2. Normal Force - Support force exerted upon an object - Perpendicular to the surface Disclaimer: All information found in this reviewer are all from Dr. Monserrat’s discussions and learning materials (PPT and Modules)  MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 12, S.Y. 2024-2025 GENERAL PHYSICS I 3. Applied Force - Force applied simply by pushing or pulling 4. Friction - Force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it - Parallel to surface and opposite to the direction of motion Static Friction Kinetic Friction The force that has to be overcome The retarding force between two in order to get an object to move objects in contact that are moving against each other 𝐹𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑘 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜇𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 5. Tension - Force which is transmitted through a string, rope, cable, or wire when is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends 6. Air resistance - Force exerted by the air as an object moves in it - Opposite to the direction of motion 1 - 𝐷 = 𝐶𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 2 D = air Drag C = drag coefficient ρ = air density A = effective cross-sectional area v = velocity Newton’s Law of Motion 1. Law of inertia - The body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues to move at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force - Inertia is proportional to mass - Inertia is a property of a body which resists any change in its state of rest or motion - ∑𝐹 = 0 2. Law of Acceleration - The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object - ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Disclaimer: All information found in this reviewer are all from Dr. Monserrat’s discussions and learning materials (PPT and Modules)  MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 12, S.Y. 2024-2025 GENERAL PHYSICS I 3. Law of Interaction - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction - 𝐹𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = −𝐹𝐴 𝑜𝑛 𝐵 4. Law of Universal Gravitation - The force of gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses of both objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates their centers 𝑚 𝑜 𝑚𝐸 - 𝐹𝑔 = −𝐺 𝑟2 𝑚3 - 𝐺 = 6.674 × 10−11 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 2 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE Momentum - The measured “tendency” of an object to remain in motion - p = mv - To stop an object with momentum, it is necessary to apply a force against its motion for a given period of time Newton’s 2nd law can be written as 𝑑𝑣 𝐹 = 𝑚( ) 𝑑𝑡 Transforming the equation, we get 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑑𝑣 Integrate both sides 𝑡𝑓 𝑣𝑓 ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑚𝑑𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑡𝑓 𝑣𝑓 𝐹 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 𝑣 𝐹𝑡|𝑡𝑓𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣|𝑣𝑓𝑖 Simplify 𝐹(𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 ) = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚∆𝑣 = ∆𝑝 Disclaimer: All information found in this reviewer are all from Dr. Monserrat’s discussions and learning materials (PPT and Modules)  MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 12, S.Y. 2024-2025 GENERAL PHYSICS I Impulse - Impulse is symbolized by the letter J - Unit is Newton· Second (Ns) - 𝐽 = 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚∆𝑣 = ∆𝑝 Law of conservation of momentum - For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. That is, the momentum lost by object 1 is equal to the momentum gained by object 2. - 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2 Collision 1. Elastic Collision - conserves the kinetic energy of the object. The respective velocity will not change during the collision 2. Inelastic Collision - does not conserve the kinetic energy because the latter is lost due to some other forms like sound and heat 3. Perfectly Inelastic Collision - losses maximum amount of energy which is portrayed when two objects stick together. Disclaimer: All information found in this reviewer are all from Dr. Monserrat’s discussions and learning materials (PPT and Modules)