Cognitive Construction of Self - Past Paper

GEN 002 REVIEWER Rogers attests that self-actualization occurs when a person's ideal - reviewer ni nnayl self is in harmony with his actual behavior. -BSHM1-15 (MOD 6)...

GEN 002 REVIEWER Rogers attests that self-actualization occurs when a person's ideal - reviewer ni nnayl self is in harmony with his actual behavior. -BSHM1-15 (MOD 6) REAL SELF THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION OF SELF - what a person is from inside or the original self. - who we truly are. Carl Rogers - encompassing our actual traits, behaviors, strengths, - humanistic psychologist weaknesses, beliefs, values, and experiences. - who had this assumption that for a person to "grow" he - It represents our authentic identity shaped by various must need an environment that can provide him with factors such as upbringing. openness and self-disclosure. - He believes that a person has one basic motive, that is, IDEAL SELF the desire to self-actualize, to reach his highest potential - what a person wants to become and achieve his level of humanness. - the version of ourselves that we aspire to be or believe - believes that a person, to be self-actualized must be in a we should be. state of congruence or balance. - it comprises the qualities, traits, behaviors, and achievements that we idealize and strive towards. 1. Openness and Self Disclosure: - The ideal self is often influenced by societal norms, cultural expectations, personal goals, role models, and Rogers believed that for individuals to grow and develop aspirations. optimally, they need an environment characterized by openness and self disclosure. This means that people should feel free to When your real self matches your ideal self according to Carl express themselves authentically without fear of judgment or Rogers, you feel really good about yourself. rejection. In such an environment, individuals are encouraged to be honest about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, leading This makes you act honestly and sincerely, which helps you to greater self-awareness and personal understanding. connect better with others. You have less inner conflict and feel more satisfied and resilient. 2. Basic Motive - Self-Actualization: Rogers posited that every person has a fundamental motive, which is the desire to self-actualize. Self-actualization refers to the process of realizing one's full potential, talents, and abilities, and striving to become the best version of oneself. It involves pursuing personal growth, fulfilling meaningful goals, and living in a way that aligns with one's authentic values and aspirations. 3. Congruence or Balance: Rogers believed that a crucial aspect of self-actualization is achieving congruence or congruency. This means being in harmony or alignment between one's real self (who they currently are) and their ideal self (who they aspire to be). When there is congruence, individuals experience a sense of wholeness. authenticity, and inner peace. They are not torn between conflicting identities or values but instead live in a way that reflects their true nature and aspirations. (MOD 7) KEY CONTRASTS: INDIVIDUALISTIC VERSUS COLLECTIVIST SELF ❖ Focus on the Individual vs. Focus on the Group INDIVIDUALIST SELF VS. COLLECTIVIST SELF: A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Western individualist cultures prioritize individual rights, freedoms, and self-expression. Individualist Self (Western Thought) Eastern collectivist cultures prioritize group - a philosophy of life emphasizing the priority of a person's cohesion, social harmony. and interdependence. need over group, an emphasis on individuality. - In Western cultures, such as those in Europe and North ❖ Independence vs. Interdependence America, the individualist self is characterized by a strong emphasis on personal goals, achievements, and Individualist self-concepts emphasize autonomy. independence and autonomy. - liking to do things on your own and focusing more on yourself. collectivist self-concepts emphasize - It's about wanting to be independent and making your interdependence, cooperation, and mutual own choices without too much influence from others. support. Collectivist Self (Eastern Thought) ❖ Self-Expression vs. Social Obligation - a tightly knit social network in which a person can expect In Western cultures, individuals are encouraged their family and other relatives of the social group to look to express their opinions and pursue personal after them in exchange for unquestioned loyalty. goals. - The loyalty of the family is highly stressed. - Emphasizes group harmony, interdependence, and In Eastern cultures, individuals may prioritize collective well-being. social obligations and responsibilities to - Eastern cultures, including those in East Asia, emphasize maintain group harmony. collectivist self-concepts, where individuals prioritize the needs and goals of the group over personal desires. Interconnectedness The collectivist self is characterized by a sense of interconnectedness with family, community, and society, where relationships and social harmony are paramount. Group Identity Individuals derive their sense of self from their roles within the larger social context, such as family, community, or nation, rather than solely from personal attributes. (MOD 8) HOW CULTURE AFFECTS OUR BODY IMAGE THE PHYSICAL SELF: THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE PHYSICAL SELF 1. Cultural Norms- Different cultures have varying norms and - is all about your body and what makes you unique ideals. In some parts of the Philippines, fair or light skin has long physically. been considered a beauty ideal in the Philippines, influenced in - It includes things like how tall you are, your body shape, part by historical notions of beauty during colonial periods. Lighter your facial features, how strong you are, and even how skin tones are often associated with higher social status and are you experience sensations like touch, taste, and smell. commonly portrayed as desirable in media and advertising. - Basically, it's everything about your body that you can see, feel, and do. 2. Media- Media significantly impacts our body image by promoting unrealistic beauty standards. For example, many BODY IMAGE skincare ads feature models with flawless skin promoting the idea - It is a concept related to physical self. that perfect skin is achievable through their products. These ads - refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about often create unrealistic expectations about what is considered their physical appearance and body. "normal" skin. - It includes their thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and emotions related to their body size, shape, features, and 3. The closest to us — family and friends- Negative comments overall attractiveness. from family and friends can have a significant impact on our body image, as they are often people we trust and look to for validation Your physical self and body image is influenced by things like your and support. genes, how you take care of your body, and even the culture you live in. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY ON OUR BODY IMAGE 1. GENES 1. Body Dissatisfaction- Feeling unhappy or displeased with one's - Many physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, height, body size, shape, or appearance. This dissatisfaction can lead to and bone structure, are directly influenced by your negative thoughts and emotions about oneself. genetic makeup. Genes can influence physical abilities such as athletic performance, coordination, and muscle 2. Social Comparison- Comparing one's body to others, often strength. Genes can also play a role in the development based on unrealistic beauty standards promoted in media and of physical disabilities. Certain genetic mutations or society. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy, jealousy, or abnormalities can lead to conditions such as muscular pressure to conform to idealized body images. dystrophy, cerebral palsy, and congenital limb differences, among others. 3. Eating Disorders- Extreme behaviors related to food intake and weight control, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or 2. SELF-CARE binge eating disorder. These disorders often stem from distorted - Taking care of oneself has a significant impact on physical body image perceptions and can have serious physical and well-being across various dimensions, encompassing psychological consequences. aspects such as diet, exercise, sleep, stress management, hygiene, preventive healthcare, and mental health. 4. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - A mental health disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts about perceived flaws or 3. CULTURE defects in one's appearance. Individuals with BDD may engage in - Different cultures have varying norms and ideals compulsive behaviors or seek excessive cosmetic procedures to regarding body size, shape, and beauty. These cultural "fix" perceived flaws. standards can influence individuals' perceptions of their own bodies and what is considered acceptable or 5. Avoidance Behaviors- Avoiding social situations, activities, or desirable. clothing that may highlight perceived flaws or trigger negative body image thoughts. This avoidance can limit participation in enjoyable activities and contribute to social isolation.  WAYS TO HAVE POSITIVE BODY IMAGE (MOD 9) THE ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL SELF: LIVING IN A MATERIAL WORLD 1. Practice Self-Compassion MATERIAL OR ECONOMIC SELF Be kind and compassionate towards yourself. Focus on your ❖ the extension of our physical self because the possession strengths, talents, and qualities beyond physical appearance. Treat that we have is considered as an external representation yourself with the same kindness and understanding that you of who we are. would offer to a friend. ❖ Material possessions, such as clothing, accessories, gadgets, and vehicles, are physical objects that we 2. Surround Yourself with Positive Influences interact with daily. These items can reflect our tastes, preferences, and lifestyle choices, acting as tangible Surround yourself with supportive and positive influences, such as representations of our identity and personality. friends and family members that promote body positivity and ❖ There are times when our material self serves as our acceptance. Limit exposure to media content that perpetuates social signifiers. unrealistic beauty ideals. ❖ In many societies, the type and quality of material possessions can be social indicators of status, wealth, and 3. Focus on Health, Not Just Appearance success. Shift your focus from achieving a certain appearance to prioritizing your overall health and well-being. Do activities that nourish your body, mind, and soul, such as regular exercise, proper nutrition, THE DIDEROT EFFECT enough sleep, and stress management techniques. - Denis Diderot 4. Practice Mindful Eating ❖ a French philosopher, came up with the Diderot Effect Practice mindful eating by listening to your body's hunger and articulated in an essay entitled "Regrets on Parting with fullness cues, rather than focusing on strict diets or restrictions. my Old Dressing Gown". Cultivate a positive relationship with food based on nourishment, pleasure, and enjoyment. ❖ The essay tells Diderot's fictitious account of being gifted by a friend with a beautiful dressing gown. Happy at first 5. Engage in Self-Care about the new item, he later on realizes that he has developed a nagging urge to replace all his material Engage in self-care activities that promote self-love and possessions back home, as they suddenly begin to look self-acceptance, such as practicing relaxation techniques, and feel inferior to the gown in question. journaling, spending time in nature, pursuing hobbies, and engaging in creative expression. ❖ The Diderot Effect suggests that one innocent purchase can unexpectedly spiral into an endless cycle of buying 6. Seek Support more and more related items, often because we want everything to match and fit our sense of identity. If you're struggling with body image issues, seek support from a therapist, counselor, or support group specializing in body image ❖ The Diderot Effect, shown in Denis Diderot's essay and and self-esteem. Talking to a professional can provide valuable the example given, reveals something many people do: insights and coping strategies. getting one new thing makes them want more new things. It starts a cycle where they feel like their old stuff isn't good enough anymore. This makes them buy more stuff to feel better about themselves and show off their status. NEEDS (MOD 10) THE SPIRITUAL SELF: THE INNER SOUL - "Necessity is the mother of consumption" The Spiritual Self: The Inner Soul - fundamental requirements necessary for human survival and well-being. - who we are at our core. - essentially means that people tend to consume or buy - idea of an inner essence or soul that transcends the things when they feel they need them. physical body and material world. - Spirituality encompasses an individual's deep WANTS contemplation on life's ultimate questions, leading to behaviors aligned with their core values. - are desires or preferences for things or experiences that - It involves internal reflections on personal values and enhance quality of life, comfort, pleasure, or enjoyment, moral standards, representing one's inner being. but are not essential or indispensable for basic survival. - Being spiritual means prioritizing love towards oneself, - are flexible and can change over time. They are others, and the world. influenced by factors such as social trends, advertising, - recognize the interconnectedness of all beings and strive peer influence, and individual aspirations. to embody kindness and compassion in their interactions. SPIRITUAL SELF Here's some ways to be a responsible consumer: 1. Transcedence and Connection 1. Understand Your Needs and Wants cultivate this connection through practices such as Understand the difference between things you truly need and prayer, meditation, or contemplation, aiming to align things you just want to have, so you can decide where to spend their inner selves with spiritual truths and universal your money wisely. principles. 2. Research Before Buying 2. Personal Growth and Well-being Compare products, read reviews, and consider factors like quality, becoming aware of our spiritual selves can help us grow price, durability, and environmental impact. personally, become more resilient, and improve our well-being by giving us a sense of purpose, connection, 3. Support Ethical Practices and inner peace. Practices like mindfulness, self-reflection, and helping others can make our spiritual Choose products from companies that uphold ethical standards journey richer and lead to a more satisfying life. such as sustainability, fair labor practices, and transparency. 3. Meaning and Purpose 4. Create a Budget individuals may explore existential questions about the Develop a budget that allocates funds for necessities first, nature of existence, the meaning of suffering, and the followed by discretionary purchases based on available resources. pursuit of transcendental experiences to find deeper fulfillment and fulfillment. 5. Avoid Impulse Purchases 4. Values and Beliefs Resist the temptation of impulse buying by taking time to evaluate whether a purchase aligns with your needs and budget. is influenced by values and beliefs that shape how we behave ethically, make moral decisions, and seek spiritual 6. Practice Conscious Consumption growth. These values often include compassion, kindness, forgiveness, and acknowledging our connection Be mindful of your consumption patterns, minimize unnecessary to all living beings. purchases, and focus on long-term value and utility. Religions Views on Self 3. JUDAISM Religion - Emphasizes the importance of the self's moral - is a set of beliefs, practices, and rituals followed and ethical development in alignment with by a group of people. divine commandments (mitzvot) and covenantal - often involves faith in a higher power or powers, relationships with God. The self is viewed as such as God or gods, and can include specific endowed with free will and responsibility for teachings about morality, the afterlife, and the righteous conduct. purpose of life. - Personal identity is shaped by adherence to - usually have organized structures, such as Jewish laws, rituals, and traditions, fostering a churches, temples, or mosques, where followers sense of belonging to the community (klal gather for worship and community activities. Yisrael) and a covenantal relationship with God - plays a significant role in shaping cultures, traditions, and individual identities. 4. CHRISTIANITY - Teaches that the self is created in the image of God and endowed with inherent dignity and worth. Through faith in Jesus Christ and 1. HINDUISM redemption through his sacrificial death and resurrection, individuals find salvation and - Teaches that the self, known as Atman, reconciliation with God. - is eternal and identical to the ultimate reality, - Personal identity is intertwined with one's Brahman. relationship with God and participation in the - Through the cycle of reincarnation (samsara), Christian community (Body of Christ). The individuals experience the consequences of their indwelling of the Holy Spirit empowers believers actions (karma) and seek liberation (moksha) to live virtuously and fulfill their divine purpose from the cycle of birth and death. - The self is seen as distinct from the physical 5. ISLAM body and mind, representing the essence of consciousness and divine connection. - Teaches that the self, known as nafs, is created - Self-realization (atma-jnana) is central to by Allah and endowed with free will and moral spiritual growth and the attainment of responsibility. enlightenment. - The ultimate goal is submission to the will of Allah (Islam) and attainment of spiritual purity 2. BUDDHISM (tazkiyah). - Views the self as impermanent and devoid of - Personal identity is shaped by adherence to the inherent existence. Five Pillars of Islam: - The concept of Anatta (non-self) emphasizes that the self is composed of ever-changing 1. faith (Shahada) aggregates (skandhas), including form, 2. prayer (Salah) sensation, perception, mental formations, and 3. charity (Zakat) consciousness. 4. fasting (Sawm) - The goal of Buddhist practice is to transcend the 5. pilgrimage (Hajj) illusion of selfhood and attain enlightenment (nirvana) by realizing the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena. - Through mindfulness and insight meditation, leading to liberation from suffering (dukkha). Understanding the Soul - The Filipino Tradition - Filipinos believe in multiple souls, as noted by Llanes (1956) and cited by Demetrio et al. (2011). - Early Ilokano beliefs mention… FOUR (4) SOULS THAT ANIMATE THE BODY: 1. KARARWA (main soul) is vital and only leaves after death. It's the Ilokano term for the Christian soul. 2. KARKARMA (second soul) can leave when frightened or stolen if one ventures to isolated areas. Failure to return can lead to insanity, with ceremonies held to lure it back. It symbolizes natural vigor, energy, and reason. It is the counterpart of psyche for the Greeks. 3. ANIWAAS (aningaas or alingaas), or (third soul) leaves during sleep to visit familiar places. Loss of the aniwaas upon waking can lead to insanity. 4. AR-ARIA (fourth soul) is the liberated soul of the dead, visiting relatives and friends. Signs of its presence include howling dogs, disruptive behavior, and mimicry of the deceased's habits or traits. If the dead was a cook, he likes staying in the kitchen; if a basketball player, he plays with balls. If he was lame in life, his footsteps betray that fact.