Introduction to Counseling and Psychotherapy Midterms PDF

INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO assist the other/s (the counselee/s) to MODULE 1 - DEFINING CONCEPTS:...

INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO assist the other/s (the counselee/s) to MODULE 1 - DEFINING CONCEPTS: deal more effectively with the COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY problems of life (Gary Collins). A positive, holistically oriented process for helping persons learn to Defining Concepts cope with problems of living and for There is no precise definition of promoting healthy development Counseling and Psychotherapy. (Erford, 2014) Most people believe that Counseling A helping relationship that includes and Psychotherapy involve a someone seeking help and someone professional counselor and/or a willing and trained to help in a therapist to deal with problems. setting that permits help to be given and received (Cormier & Hackney as COUNSELING cited in Parrott, 2003). PSYCHOTHERAPY Therapy is not exclusively for the "sick" and aimed at "curing" psychological "ailments" but rather A collaborative process involving the grounded on the assumption that client and the therapist in people have both internal & external co-constructing solutions to concerns. resources (& competencies) to draw Any psychological service provided by a trained professional that primarily uses upon when constructing solutions to forms of communication and interaction their problems that can be to assess, diagnose, and treat discovered and built upon by the dysfunctional emotional reactions, ways therapist (Gerald Corey, 2017). of thinking, and behavior patterns that Professional assistance in coping may be provided to individuals, couples, with personal problems, including families, or members of a group. emotional, behavioral, vocational, Also known as "talk therapy" or the marital, educational, rehabilitation, "talking cure"; the informed and and life-stage (e.g., retirement) intentional application of clinical problems. The counselor uses methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological techniques such as active listening, principles for the purpose of assisting guidance, advice, discussion, people to modify their behaviors, clarification, and the administration cognitions, emotions, and/or other of tests (APA Dictionary of personal characteristics in the directions Psychology, 2018). that the participants deem desirable. A professional relationship that A means of helping people with a broad empowers diverse individuals, variety of mental illnesses and emotional families, and groups to accomplish difficulties aimed at helping eliminate or mental health, wellness, education, control troubling symptoms so a person and career goals (American can function better and increase well-being and healing. Counseling Association). A relationship between two or more persons in which one (the counselor) seeks to advise, encourage, and/or PAGE 1 EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected]  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO The trephining method, a process of drilling hole/s in a client's head to permit PSYCHOTHERAPY VS. COUNSELING demons to escape, was the approach of mental health professionals to help. After that, therapeutic counselors were Long-term (up to 2 Short-term (less than primarily philosophers, physicians, or years) 6 months) priests. In the 19th century, the first real counselor who attempted to heal by Medical model Wellness model talking spawned. The "talking cure", the cathartic method Alleviate symptoms Improve quality of life of talking out problems was pioneered by Sigmund Freud as a method for Past is most Focus on the here treating persons with psychological important and now problems. Goal of insight Goal of insight THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION Therapist as expert Counselor as (UNDERPINNINGS) OF COUNSELING collaborator According to Remley (1992), Hershenson et al. (1996), and Remley & Herlihy (2007): Counseling 1. WELLNESS PERSPECTIVE - Aims not to focuses more on preventive mental relieve the client of the problematic health symptoms or experience absence of traditionally been viewed as less symptoms, but rather to strive to reach intensive than psychotherapy one's full potential (Maslow's Psychotherapy self-actualization). has concerned itself with reparative + Aims to become a fully functioning intervention individual (Rogers). more intensive than counseling + Aims to obtain health and spirituality in life (belief in a higher power, optimism, purpose, worship or meditation, values, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND and transcendence). 2. DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE - Views The history of treating mental health that the issues brought by the clients to concerns can be traced back to the counseling are developmental, that is, ancient Greeks, who were the first to they are normal responses to abnormal identify mental illness as a medical events or simply transitory issues in condition, rather than a sign of response to change. disgruntled deities (Nicholls, 2024). + Crises that are experienced may have an Counseling and Psychotherapy are unexpected timing. grounded in disciplines such as 3. EMPOWERMENT - A belief that through philosophy, education, psychology, counseling, the individual or groups who psychiatry, and social studies (Kottler & are powerless will develop their skills and Brown, 2000). capacity to gain reasonable control over There was a belief during the time of our their lives. Paleolithic ancestors that a man was sick because he/she was possessed by a demon. PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 2  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO THE ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS 2. SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) - Considered the founder and catalyst of Religious leaders and philosophers functioned psychotherapy that led to the discovery as counselors of their community. of psychoanalysis. Recognized as an intellectual giant; revolutionized the 1. Moses (1200 B.C) thinking of the Western world. Together 2. Mohammed (600 B.C.) with his collaborator, Josef Breuer, 3. Buddha (500 B.C.) developed their "talking cure" of healing 4. Lao-tzu (600 B.C.) through "catharsis". It was then that the 5. Confucius (500 B.C.) profession of counseling and 6. Socrates (450 B.C.) psychotherapy was truly born. 7. Plato (400 B.C.) + Had followers who joined his camp to 8. Aristotle (350 B.C.) spread his newfound cure for emotional suffering; Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Through their teachings, they were able to Wilhelm Reich, Anna Freud and her impart wisdom that helped the people of their daughter. community in their emotional, spiritual, and + Had remarkable accomplishments and a intellectual growth (Kottler & Brown, 2000). few among them are plotting the anatomy of the human nervous system, THE FIRST PSYCHIATRISTS developing the first local anesthesia for eye surgery, hypnosis, and dream analysis. Aside from those who sought to heal people through education and spiritual paths, there 3. JOSEF BREUER (1842-1925) - A were medical philosophers or pragmatic neuropsychologist. 1880's work focused practitioners who tried to combine philosophy on his patient Bertha Pappenheim, with what they observed about human known as Anna O with his protégé behavior. Sigmund Freud. 4. PAUL DEUBOIS (1848-1918) - A Swiss 1. HIPPOCRATES (400 B.C) - Introduced physician & psychotherapist. Treated the concepts of: + HOMEOSTASIS - The natural balance of psychotic patients by talking with them the body. in a reasonable manner. + PROGNOSIS - The prediction of outcomes. Famous names in the field who at one time + Credited with developing the first practiced as Freudian analysts: counseling interventions, relying on - Albert Ellis techniques that are still used today. (systematic diagnostic interviews, - Fritz Perls detailed history taking, trust building in - Carl Rogers therapeutic relationships, dream - Eric Berne interpretation, acknowledgment of - Alfred Adler repressed feelings). + Emphasized the importance of a complete life history before undertaking any treatment. + Devised the first comprehensive classification of mental disorders. PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 3  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO THE INFLUENCE FROM PSYCHOLOGY THE GUIDANCE ERA When psychiatric counseling was beginning, At the beginning of the 20th century, psychology also was developing. The first significant events such as social reform, psychologists were philosophers: population changes, educational concerns, and the rise of industrialization RENE DECARTES (1596-1650) - Among gave birth to the profession known as the first to study the "mind as distinct guidance. from the body and soul". The need for technical training and JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) - Tabula rasa skilled workers became essential, so GEORGE BERKELEY (1685-1704) relevant programs in vocational DAVID HUME (1711-1776) guidance were crucial. JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873) - Analyzed human experience in terms of FRANK PARSONS - A lawyer, teacher, social its basic elements. worker, and engineer. Set the vocational guidance movement; considered the founder of 1. WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920) - the association. Three-part model for career Recognized by many as the first who counseling: started Psychology as a discipline with 1. Analysis of one's personal interests, his first experimental laboratory in 1879. abilities, and aptitudes 2. WILLIAM JAMES - American 2. Exploration of available occupations Philosopher, the first to be awarded as 3. Application of a systematic reasoning "Professor of Psychology' because his process to find a good match between ideas were more relevant to the the two development of therapeutic counseling. Interested in the concepts of freewill, With this model, Parsons and his colleagues consciousness, and adaptive functioning; believed that individuals would be placed in believed humans are creatures with work settings most appropriate to their skills emotion, action, thought, and reason. and education. This positioned the guidance 3. GRANVILLE STANLEY HALL - Received personnel in educational settings who were the first doctorate in psychology and seen for the next sixty years as school specialists expounded the link of the two fields: who helped children make occupational and Psychology and Education. educational decisions. 4. JOHN B. WATSON AND BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER - Made a THE COUNSELING ERA significant contribution in understanding human behavior through experimental studies of reinforcement. 1. CLIFFORD WHITTINGHAM BEERS - A 5. MAX WERTHEIMER AND WOLFGANG Yale graduate and abused mental KOHLER - German Psychologists. patient; one of the influential figures in Conducted experiments with apes the field in the early 20th century. concluded that insights play a part in Narrated his experience as a patient in a learning and that a person mental health facility as harrowing at the conceptualizes the whole is greater than hands of an insensitive system that the sum of its elemental parts. PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 4  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO treated him as a lunatic rather than a - DONALD SUPER’s career development human being. theories A MIND THAT FOUND ITSELF - Patients who were violent, noisy, and troublesome Group therapy became a common mode or who were too weak physically and and Developmental Psychology was mentally to attend to their own needs considered the primary focus of were frequently abused. Patients who counseling as the 1960s began. were not likely to be abused were the During the 1960s and 1970s, several laws ones least in need of cure and treatment. addressed the inequities in the societies such as the rights of women and racial He proposed that the emotionally disturbed minorities, and this continues up to this person needs most of all is a compassionate time. friend. The increased emphasis on injustices occurs with the increase in counselors. This staged reform through organization and Colleges and universities could not legislation leading to the establishment of manage the high demands for school National Mental Health in 1909 and later the counselors in their schools. This called for National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (Erford, a clearer definition of the roles, functions, 2010). and professional identity of school counselors that led to the accreditation Societal changes also impacted people's point of of programs through the Council for the view about mental illness. Before the early 20th Accreditation of Counseling and Related century, heredity conclusively determined the Educational Programs (CACREP) destiny of the individual hence the containment Later in the 1960s, existentialism, family of the mentally ill. After this, belief about systems, and cognitive theories mentally ill individuals gradually shifted to developed. consideration of environment and social context Many of the theories and techniques (nature vs nurture). professional counselors use to help clients and students are the same as 2. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) - Emerged by those used by psychologists. the middle of the 20th. Influenced the thinking that those who have emotional BRIEF HISTORY OF GUIDANCE AND problems are not sick or mentally ill. COUNSELING IN THE PHILIPPINES (they just need a safe environment where they can work out their difficulties.) DR. SINFROSO PADILLA - Father guidance in the Philippines. He established the first CLIENT CENTERED COUNSELING - focuses on Psychological Clinic at the University of the therapeutic relationship became the theoretical Philippines in 1932. Concerned with cases focus of many counselor education programs in involving student discipline, emotional, the 1950's and 1960's. academic, and vocational problems. Towards the end of the 1950s, the following The "Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004" was flourished: declared a policy of the State to promote the - JOSEPH WOLPE’s systematic improvement, advancement, and protection of desensitization the guidance and counseling profession by - ALBERT ELLIS’ rational-emotive therapy undertaking and instituting measures that will - ERIC BERNE’s transactional analysis result in professional, ethical, relevant, efficient, PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 5  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO and effective guidance and counseling services receive help and love out of their own for the development and enrichment of sense of self-worth and strength. Feel individuals and group lives. adequate with others and allow others to feel powerful with them. OPEN TO CHANGE - exhibit a willingness and courage to leave the security of the known if they are not satisfied. Make MODULE 2 - THE decisions about how they would like to COUNSELOR/THERAPIST (PART 1) change, and they work toward becoming the person they want to become. PERSONAL QUALITIES PROFESSIONAL MAKE CHOICES THAT ARE LIFE QUALIFICATIONS AND OF ORIENTED - Aware of early decisions COUNSELORS/THERAPISTS they make about themselves, others, and the world. Not the victims of these early Corey (2012): it is within the context of a decisions; are willing to revise them if person-to-person connection that the necessary. Committed to living fully client experiences growth. The rather than settling for mere existence. counselor/therapist must work as a AUTHENTIC, SINCERE, HONEST - Do not person — not hiding behind the safety of hide behind rigid roles or facades; who a professional role, which would keep they are in their personal life and clients hiding themselves. professional work are congruent. Knowledge and skills of theories and SENSE OF HUMOR - Able to put events techniques of Counseling and of life in perspective; have not forgotten Psychotherapy are essential but not to laugh, especially at their own foibles sufficient for establishing and and contradictions. maintaining effective counseling MAKE MISTAKES AND ARE WILLING TO relationships. The counselor/therapist ADMIT THEM - Do not dismiss their needs to model authenticity or errors lightly, yet they do not choose to genuineness by engaging in appropriate dwell on them. disclosure to encourage the clients to be LIVE IN THE PRESENT - Not riveted to honest as well. the past; not fixated on the future. Able Kolden et al. (2018): The statistically to experience and be present with others significant link between in the “now”. congruence/genuineness and outcomes APPRECIATE THE INFLUENCE OF indicates that better outcomes can be CULTURE - Aware of the ways their own expected when the therapist is seen as culture affects them; respect the diversity congruent/genuine by the client. of values espoused by other cultures. Sensitive to the unique differences arising out of social class, race, sexual THE PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS orientation, and gender. OF EFFECTIVE SINCERE INTEREST IN THE WELFARE COUNSELORS/THERAPISTS OF OTHERS - This concern is based on respect, care, trust, and a real valuing of IDENTITY - know who they are capable of others. becoming, what they want in life, and POSSESS EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL what is essential. RELATIONSHIP - Capable of entering the SELF RESPECT AND SELF world of others without getting lost in APPRECIATION - Respect and this world. Strive to create, collaborative, appreciate themselves. Can give and relationships with others. Readily PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 6  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO entertain other people's perspectives and for the subjects covered in the can work together toward consensual examinations; goals. C. Is of good moral character; and D. Has not been convicted of an offense DEEPLY INVOLVED IN THEIR WORK involving moral turpitude. AND DERIVE MEANING FROM IT - Can Guidance Counselor: accept the rewards flowing from their A. A citizen of the Republic of the work, yet they are not slaves to their Philippines or a foreigner whose country work. has reciprocity with the Philippines in the PASSIONATE - Have the courage to practice of Guidance and Counseling; pursue their dreams and passions; B. Has not been convicted of any offense radiate a sense of energy. involving moral turpitude by a ABLE TO MAINTAIN HEALTHY competent court; BOUNDARIES - Strive to be fully present C. Holder of a Bachelor's Degree in for their clients, but do not carry the Guidance and Counseling or in other problems of their clients during their Allied Disciplines and a master's degree leisure hours. Know how to say no, in Guidance and Counseling from an enabling them to maintain balance in institution in the Philippines or abroad their lives. recognized or accredited by the CHED. The licensure examination shall cover the THE PROFESSIONAL REQUIREMENTS following subjects: OF A 1. Psychologists COUNSELOR/PSYCHOLOGIST/THERAP - Advanced Theories of Personality ISTS - Advanced Abnormal Psychology - Advanced Psychological Assessment Two laws that regulate the practice of school - Psychological guidance counselors, psychologists, - Counseling and psychometricians: - Psychotherapy - REPUBLIC ACT 9258 - Guidance and 2. Psychometricians Counseling Act of 2004. - Theories of Personality - REPUBLIC ACT 10029 - Psychology Law - Abnormal Psychology of 2009 - Industrial Psychology Based on these laws, for the individual to be able - Psychological Assessment to take the licensure examination, he/she has to 3. Guidance Counselor satisfy the following criteria: - Philosophical - Psychological and Psychologist and Psychometrician: - Sociological Foundations of Guidance A. Is a Filipino citizen, a permanent resident - Counseling or a citizen of a foreign state/country - Techniques which extends reciprocity to the - Theories, Philippines relative to the practice of the - Tools, and profession; - Psychological Testing B. Holds at least a bachelor's degree in - Organization and Administration of psychology conferred by a university, Guidance Services college or school in the Philippines or - Group Process and Program abroad recognized/accredited by the Development CHED and has obtained sufficient credits PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 7  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO BEING HONEST WITH YOUR LIMITATIONS - It is not expected that therapists succeed with every client. There are limits to the capabilities of the expert. It is important to create a balance between learning the real limitations - not those only perceived - and when and THE COUNSELOR AS how to make referrals for clients when SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER the "limitations" prevent the therapists from helping the client. DEALING WITH YOUR ANXIETIES - Most UNDERSTANDING SILENCE - Silent beginning counselors or therapists have moments during the therapeutic session ambivalent feelings when meeting their may seem like silent hours to a first clients. beginning therapist yet, it can have many meanings. The therapist should explore A certain level of anxiety demonstrates your what silence during the session means awareness of the uncertainties of the future with with their clients. They should not be your clients and your ability to be there for them. afraid of silence or react anxiously to it. Recognize & deal with these anxieties, do not DEALING WITH DEMANDS FROM deny them. CLIENTS - Setting clear expectations and boundaries in the first session with Having self-doubts is normal; it is how we deal clients can be helpful, especially if the with them that matters. Talk them over with demands are unreasonable or unrealistic. your supervisor & other beginning counselors. Some clients might expect therapists to continually demonstrate how much they BEING YOURSELF AND care or demand to tell them what to do SELF-DISCLOSURE - Beginning and how to solve a problem. counselors/therapists tend to be DEALING WITH CLIENTS WHO LACK self-conscious, anxious, and overly COMMITMENT - It may help to prepare concerned with what the books say and the client for the counseling process, how to proceed with the process. especially involuntary clients (e.g., those Genuineness or being oneself would mandated by court order). Establishing a enable the counselor to connect with the working relationship with them by clients and establish an effective openly discussing the nature of the therapeutic relationship. relationship and by addressing the client's thoughts and feelings about the However, engaging in too much disclosure can counseling to prevent resistance. be a problem. The therapist should maintain a TOLERATING AMBIGUITY - Counselors proper balance. The therapist should consider need to be patient when clients do not "what, when, and how much to reveal". seem to be improving at all, or sometimes get worse before getting AVOIDING PERFECTIONISM - better. Beginning therapists experience Perfectionism is one of the common anxiety when not seeing immediate self-defeating beliefs. Making mistakes results. Often, clients may seemingly get happen and learning from them is the worse before they show therapeutic best attitude. Mistakes can be shared gains and/or show fruitful effects after and discussed during the supervision the conclusion of the therapy. meetings for direction and professional BECOMING AWARE OF YOUR growth. COUNTERTRANSFERENCE - PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 8  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO Countertransference includes any of our make decisions only judiciously, with projections that influence the way we proper respect for the client's perceive and react to a client. Therapists decision-making process and should be aware of their responsibility, unless there is a crisis countertransference. They need to situation when the client is unable to engage in their own self-exploration with function or make decisions for themself. a supervisor, colleague, or even their own DEFINING YOUR ROLE AS A therapist when they are emotionally COUNSELOR - The role of the therapist reactive or defensive toward their clients, may change over time and may also or unable to be present with clients include a variety of roles. However, because their issues are getting in the counselors should focus on helping way. clients recognize their strengths, discover DEVELOPING A SENSE OF HUMOR - what prevents them from using their Having an appropriate sense of humor resources, and clarify what kind of life during the session can enrich the they want to live. It is through counseling therapeutic relationship. When used in that clients are guided in looking at their the right time and manner, behaviors and making certain decisions humor/laughter can cover up anxiety or on how to modify their quality of life. escape from the experience of Therapists provide support and challenge threatening material. It also allows clients in a caring manner to take steps therapists not to take their work and needed toward therapeutic change. themselves too seriously yet do not LEARNING TO USE TECHNIQUES underrate the sufferings of their clients. APPROPRIATELY - Relying too much on Laughter or humor does not mean that techniques can lead to mechanical the client is not respected, and the work counseling. Ideally, the therapeutic is not being accomplished. technique should evolve from the SHARING RESPONSIBILITY WITH THE therapeutic relationship & materials CLIENT - The therapeutic process is a presented, enhance the clients' collaborative work between the client awareness, and suggest possibilities for and the counselor. It is a mistake to experimenting with new behavior. Avoid assume full responsibility for the using techniques in a hit-or-miss fashion, direction & outcomes of the therapy to fill time, to meet your own needs, or to which can cause burnout. The therapist's get things moving. It should be roles are to make accurate assessments thoroughly chosen to help clients make and design appropriate treatment plans. therapeutic progress. It is necessary to discuss the duration of DEVELOPING YOUR OWN COUNSELING the therapy, confidentiality, goals, and STYLE - Avoid copying a style from your methods to achieve goals. The client has supervisor, professor, colleagues, or the responsibility to direct their own life, therapist. Your style may be influenced to work with the therapist in achieving by them but you should have your own the goals. distinct style. DECLINING TO GIVE ADVICE - Often, MAINTAINING YOUR VITALITY AS A clients come to seek and demand advice. PERSON AND AS A PROFESSIONAL - As They want counselors to make decisions a therapist, it is important to take care of or resolve a problem for them. Therapists your well-being which is also for the facilitate the discovery of clients' benefit of the clients. As a person, you solutions to their problems and not to be cannot always control stressful events, dependent on the therapist. Counselors but you can control how you interpret need to learn to provide guidance and and react to them. There are strategies PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 9  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO that can be fostered for self-care like and inspire psychologists toward the highest enough sleep & rest, nutrition, physical & ethical ideals of the profession. spiritual activities, and seeking professional help when needed. Principle A: Beneficence & Nonmaleficence Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no MODULE 2 - THE harm. They seek to safeguard the welfare COUNSELOR/THERAPIST (PART 2) and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected The Difference between Ethical Standards and persons, and the welfare of animal Laws subjects of research. BENEFICENCE - A normative statement ETHICS - Moral principles adopted by an of a moral obligation to act for others' individual or group to provide rules for benefit, helping them to further their right conduct. Represents aspirational important and legitimate interests, often goals or the maximum/ideal standards by preventing/removing possible harm. set by the profession. Beneficent actions include rescuing a ETHICAL STANDARDS - Developed by person from harm or danger or helping a professional associations to guide the person to improve his situation. It means behavior of a specific group of doing good or what is best for the professionals. interest of clients. The American Psychological Association NONMALEFICENCE - Comes from the (APA) provided the Ethical Principles Latin "maxim primum non nocere" and Code of Conduct of Psychologists. meaning "first, do no harm". The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) and the Philippine Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility Guidance and Counseling Association, Psychologists establish relationships of Inc. (PGCA) provided the Code of Ethics trust with those with whom they work. for Philippine Psychologists & They are aware of their professional and Psychometricians, and Guidance scientific responsibilities to society and to Counselors respectively. the specific communities in which they MANDATORY ETHICS - Entails a level of work. Psychologists uphold professional ethical functioning at which standards of conduct, clarify their professionals simply act in compliance professional roles and obligations, accept with minimal standards. appropriate responsibility for their ASPIRATIONAL ETHICS - Pertains to behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of striving for the optimum standards of interest that could lead to exploitation or conduct, primarily concerned with doing harm. what is in the best interests of their clients. Principle C: Integrity Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL teaching, and practice of psychology. ASSOCIATION (APA) CODE OF ETHICS They do not steal, cheat, or engage in (General Principles) fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact. When The APA Code of Ethics begins with a section deception may be ethically justifiable to that consists of the general principles to guide maximize benefits and minimize harm, PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 10  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO psychologists have a serious obligation to The PAP Code of Ethics (2022) for Philippine consider: Psychologists and Psychometricians expresses 1. The need for such techniques that Psychology practitioners in the Philippines 2. Its possible consequences adhere to the following Universal Declaration of 3. Their responsibility to correct any Ethical Principles for Psychologists that was resulting mistrust or other harmful adopted unanimously by the General Assembly effects that arise from the use of of the International Union of Psychological deception. Science in Berlin on July 22, 2008 and by the Board of Directors of the International Principle D: Justice Association of Applied Psychology in Berlin on Psychologists recognize that fairness and July 26, 2008. justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of Principle I. Respect for the Dignity of Persons psychology and to equal quality in the and Peoples processes, procedures, and services The most fundamental and universally being conducted by psychologists. found ethical principle across Psychologists exercise reasonable geographical & cultural boundaries, and judgment and take precautions to professional disciplines Provides the ensure that their potential biases, the philosophical foundation for many of the boundaries of their competence, and the other ethical principles Recognizes the limitations of their expertise do not lead inherent worth of all human beings, to or condone unjust practices. regardless of perceived or real differences in social status, ethnic origin, gender, Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and capacities, or other such characteristics. Dignity This is expressed in various ways in Psychologists respect the dignity and different communities and cultures. It is worth of all people, and the rights of important to acknowledge and respect individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and such differences. It also is important that self-determination. Psychologists are all communities and cultures adhere to aware that special safeguards may be moral values that respect and protect necessary to protect the rights and their members both as individual welfare of persons or communities persons and as collective peoples. whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision-making. Principle II. Competent Caring for the They are aware of and respect cultural, Well-Being of Persons and Peoples individual, and role differences, including This involves working for their benefit those based on age, gender, gender and doing no harm. It includes identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national maximizing benefits, minimizing origin, religion, sexual orientation, potential harm, and offsetting or disability, language, and socioeconomic correcting harm. It requires the status, and consider these factors when application of knowledge and skills that working with members of such groups. are appropriate for the nature of a situation as well as the social and cultural context, the ability to establish PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF interpersonal relationships that enhance THE PHILIPPINES (PAP) CODE OF potential benefits and reduce potential ETHICS harm, adequate self-knowledge of how (Ethical Principles) one's values, experiences, culture, and PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 11  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO social context might influence one's ASSOCIATION, INC. (PGCA) CODE OF actions and interpretations. ETHICS (Fundamental Principles) The PGCA Code of Ethics (2021) expresses the Principle Ill. Integrity ethical principles and values of the Association. Integrity is vital to the advancement of It serves as a guide to the professional as well as scientific knowledge and to the the personal conduct of all its members. It also maintenance of public confidence in the informs the public, who they serve, of the discipline of psychology. It is based on standards of ethical conduct for which honesty, and on truthful, open and members are responsible for and accountable accurate communications. It includes for. The Code reflects values such as dignity and recognizing, monitoring, reporting, and the common good, integrity, competence, managing potential biases, multiple responsibility, and an understanding of and relationships, and other conflicts of respect for the cultural diversity of society. interest that could result in harm and exploitation of persons or peoples. Fundamental Principles (on which the ethical Cultural differences exist regarding principles are based): appropriate professional boundaries, - Respecting human rights and dignity multiple relationships, and conflicts of - Respect for the counselee's rights interest. Regardless of such differences, - A commitment to promoting the monitoring and management are counselee's well-being & mental health needed to ensure that self-interest does - Fostering responsible caring (e.g., not interfere with acting in the best safeguarding children & vulnerable interests of persons and peoples. adults) - Fair treatment of all counselees and the Principle IV. Professional and Scientific provision of adequate services Responsibilities to Society - Equal opportunities to counselees Psychology functions as a discipline - Ensuring the integrity of the within the context of human society. As a counselor-counselee relationship science and a profession, it has - Fostering the counselor's self-knowledge, responsibilities to society. These self-care, and wellness responsibilities include contributing to - Enhancing the quality of professional the knowledge about human behavior knowledge, practice, and its applications and to persons' understanding of - Pursue counseling supervision for themselves and others, and using such optimal care knowledge to improve the condition of - Responsibility to the society & its cultural individuals, families, groups, diversity communities, and society. They also include conducting its affairs within Nine chapters describing the specific society in accordance with the highest responsibilities of the counselor: ethical standards, and encouraging the 1. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY - development of social structures and Counselors maintain a high standard of policies that benefit all persons and professional competence & ethical peoples. behavior, thereby recognizing the need for continuing education to meet this responsibility. PHILIPPINE GUIDANCE AND 2. COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP - COUNSELING Counselors have a primary responsibility PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 12  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO to respect the integrity and promote the data protection, and ethical standards welfare of their counselees. They do not regarding the use of these resources. abandon their counselee/s and make necessary referral/s. Informed consent is practiced in all aspects of counseling services. 3. COUNSELING AND PRIVATE PRACTICE - LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES Counselors acting as a consultant must LEGAL ISSUES - Involve the laws of a have a high degree of self-awareness, specific country, state, or province that competency, and responsibility. The govern the practice of counseling or consultants and clients define the psychotherapy in that area. Legal issues problem, goals, and expectations of the facing therapists are those related to the outcome of the chosen intervention. laws and regulations, administrative 4. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WORK SETTING rules, or court orders of the covered - Counselors maintain harmony with state/country. other professionals across work settings ETHICAL ISSUES - Encompass and other organizations. professional standards of right or wrong 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL/COUNSELING that guide the work of ASSESSMENT - Counselors based upon counselors/therapists in helping clients the agreed terms and conditions to deal with their mental health concerns inform the clients about the purpose and and enhance their well-being. Often, the results. laws that regulate the practice of 6. COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND counselors and therapists are consistent TRAINING - Counselors responsible for with the ethical principles that counselor education, training, and govern/guide them in their professional supervision adhere to current guidelines practice like competence in the service and standards concerning such activities they provide and confidentiality of and conduct themselves in a manner information about the client (with few consistent in this Code and Standards of exemptions). Practice. 7. SUPERVISION - Counselor-supervisors ETHICAL ISSUES aspire to foster meaningful & respectful Putting Clients' Needs Before Your Own - The professional relationships and maintain professional relationship with our clients exists appropriate boundaries with supervisees for their benefit. It is not unethical for us to meet & learners. our needs through our professional work but 8. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION - In should be kept in perspective. We should avoid planning any research activity dealing exploiting or harming clients. This is in with human subjects, the counselor congruence with the principles of Beneficence must observe ethical principles and and Nonmaleficence. As counselors/therapists, standards of good practice. we should be aware of our personal problems 9. TELE-WEB COUNSELING - Counselors and be willing to work with them. understand the advancing nature of the profession regarding distance ETHICAL DECISION IN MAKING - Be aware of counseling, technology, and social media. the Code of Conduct/Ethics provided by These platforms are utilized to serve our professional organizations; they serve as guides counselees better. Counselors try their in dealing with ethical dilemmas. Exercise best to become knowledgeable with prudent judgment in interpreting & applying these resources. They are aware of the ethical principles to specific situations. We can possible risks and ensure confidentiality, PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 13  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO consult colleagues and other professional experts to make ethical decisions. THE RIGHT OF INFORMED CONSENT - Informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement part of the therapeutic process. It MODULE 3 - BASIC COUNSELING involves the right of the client to be informed SKILLS AND STAGES OF COUNSELING about the therapy. AND PSYCHOTHERAPY DIMENSIONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY - Confidentiality is an ethical and legal aspect Topic#1 The Basic Skills of Counseling rooted in the client's right to privacy. Confidentiality is essential in developing a trusting and productive client-therapist ATTENDING SKILLS (VERBAL AND relationship. Nevertheless, the therapist has the NON VERBAL ATTENTIVENESS responsibility to discuss the extent and limitations of confidentiality with the client. Good communication involves more than just ETHICAL ISSUES IN A MULTICULTURAL verbal content. Much communication occurs PERSPECTIVE - It is an ethical requirement in non-verbally. Thus, the counselor needs to counseling practice to take the client's cultural observe the client to see the INCONSISTENCIES context. Some theories of counseling and between the client's verbal and non-verbal psychotherapy may not be applicable to clients behaviors. from different cultural backgrounds. The VERBAL ATTENTIVENESS attitudes, values, and behaviors that the therapist and client bring to the counseling This can be communicated through the relationship can vary. The therapist needs to occasional use of short verbal responses like understand these differences, accept the client's “Mmm. Uhmmm…. I see. Go on…” assumptions in life, and be aware of imposing TONE OF VOICE their personal views. Emotions are frequently conveyed via tone of ETHICAL ISSUES IN ASSESSMENT PROCESS - voice. The pitch, pacing, and volume can affect Assessment consists of evaluating the relevant how a counselee responds emotionally to a factors in a client's life to identify themes for professional counselor. The counselor's voice can further exploration in the counseling process. help a lot in creating a soothing and anxiety-regulating atmosphere for the ETHICAL ASPECTS OF EVIDENCE BASED counselee. PRACTICE - Evidence-based practice (EBP) is NON VERBAL ATTENTIVENESS the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient A social interaction process is important to both characteristics, culture, and preferences. the counselor and counselee. Nonverbal actions include the use of appropriate eye contact, facial MANAGING MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS IN expression, touch, distance and position COUNSELING - Dual or multiple relationships, (between the counselor-counselee), nods, body either sexual or non-sexual, occur when posture, and physical movements. Below are the counselors assume two (or more) roles nonverbal cues which can manifest warmth or simultaneously or sequentially with a client coldness as described: either professionally or non professional. PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 14  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO REFLECTING SKILLS This skill enables the counselor to communicate his understanding of the client's perspective or frame of reference. It is sometimes referred to as an INTERNAL FRAME OF REFERENCE (or how clients view themselves and their concerns). Reflecting skills enable the counselor to track the client's thinking and feelings. It also allows the counselor to check in a non-intrusive way what he has understood. The common element in these skills is offering back to the client what he has said using the counselor's own words. The 3 REFLECTING SKILLS are: RESTATING - This involves repeating back to clients either single words or short phrases that they have used. It is an efficient way of prompting further discussions. REPHRASING/PARAPHRASING - In this skill, the counselor reflects back to the client the feelings involved in what the client has just communicated. It is rephrasing what the counselor understands to be the core message of the client's communication; letting the client know that the counselor understands their PERSONAL WARMTH concerns from their points of view; and repeating, in different words, what the client has Is a psychological climate and the condition of said, using introductory phrases. To be effective, the therapeutic relationship comprising several paraphrasing must be accurate. elements as described by Carl Rogers: UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD: What is the counselor's intention for using this Acceptance of the client without "ifs", skill: regardless of external factors like - to check his perception of what clients have behavior, demeanor, appearance, etc. said; EMPATHY: Putting oneself in the shoes - to communicate to his client acceptance and of others and seeing the world as they empathic understanding; see it. Empathic Understanding refers to - to gain information about how clients see sensing the client's private world as if it themselves and their concerns; and were your own without losing the "as if" - to build a trusting relationship. quality. CONGRUENCE: Denotes that therapists Guidelines for PARAPHRASING should be real and/or genuine, open, 1. Be attentive and offer your perception of integrated, and authentic during their what the client has said. interactions with their clients. 2. Avoid telling, informing, or defining for the PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 15  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO clients. 3. Be respectful – do not judge, dismiss, or use Types of questions: sarcasm OPEN ENDED - "Why do you think your 4. Use your own words; repeating verbatim is mother had reacted that way to your not paraphrasing and behavior?" may seem like mimicry. DIRECTION QUESTION - "Tell me, is your 5. Listen to the depth of the feeling expressed weight and figure caused your by the client and insecurities?" match the level in your response. INDIRECT QUESTION - "What do you 6. Do not add to what the client says, evaluate think about being overweight?" it, or offer interpretations. 7. Be congruent and don’t pretend you LISTENING SKILLS understand. You might say something like, “I want to understand. Let me check with you...” Is a way of showing that you are focused on the 8. Be brief and direct. client and that you understand what s/he is 9. Keep your voice tone level. Paraphrasing in a saying. It encourages the client to share his/her shocked or disbelieving tone of voice is feelings and concerns, enabling the therapist to unlikely to communicate either acceptance or gather information needed for problem-solving. empathy. Listening is a complex activity and a skill that SUMMARIZING - Summaries are essentially operates on many levels; it involves attending to, longer paraphrases. It enables the counselor to receiving, and understanding the messages that bring together salient aspects of the session in clients are sending by what they say and do. an organized way. Hence, the counselor needs to be actively listening. ACTIVE LISTENING means listening Summarizing is organizing the facts, thoughts, with a purpose and communicating that you and feelings presented by the client to clarify have listened. what the problem is, what factors are operational, and if already discussed, the Framework for LISTENING decisions or solutions arrived at. A simple and useful system for classifying the information that clients share with the counselor: PROBING/QUESTIONING SKILLS EXPERIENCES - what clients experience As the term suggests, probing is INVASIVE. Thus, as happening to them; what others do or it should be used with care. Probing may be fail to do; what others say or do not say. going into the areas where the counselor is not BEHAVIOR - how clients act; what they invited. It declares the counselor's perception of say and do. what is important to address, and the counselor THOUGHTS - what clients understand becomes more directive but without it the about what they do or do not do; what sessions have the potential to be vague or sense they make of their own and other's directionless. behavior; and what beliefs they have about themselves, other people, and Probing/Questioning is a way of clarifying what events in their lives. the client has said and helping him to disclose his feelings. It involves timing, wording, and FEEDBACK appropriate types of questions. It can stop, alter, or slow down a client's open discussion of a Is the verbalization of the counselor's concern but should keep the discussion moving perceptions and reactions to the client's e.g. Can you tell me more about that? behaviors, feelings, concerns, actions, PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 16  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO expressions, etc. It offers the client the opportunity, in turn, to feedback - react, validate, or expand on the counselor's feedback. STAGE 2: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION Topic# 2 Stages of the Counseling Process AND EXPLORATION STAGE 1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING Define the Problem - The counselor should be able to distinguish the COUNSELOR'S GOALS: PRESENTING problem from the REAL Establish a comfortable and positive problem. Also, the counselor subtly relationship. brings into discussion his/her diagnostic Explain the counseling process and impression of the client's dynamics & mutual responsibilities to the client. coping behaviors. Facilitate communications. Explore the Problem - The counselor Identify and verify the client's concerns begins to comfort the client with that brought him/her to seek counseling observations about his goals and assistance. behavior. It also involves gathering Plan, with the client, to obtain information or data to fully understand assessment data needed to proceed with the problem (psychological history, tests, the counseling process. etc.). "Immediacy" is an important element of this process which is about CLIENT'S GOALS: giving immediate reaction to the client's Understand the counseling process and statements or asking to disclose current his/her responsibilities in this process. thoughts. Share and amplify reasons for seeking Integrate the Information - The counseling. gathered data are organized and Cooperate in the assessment of both integrated into a meaningful profile of problem and self. the client and the client's problem. The Develop trust to encourage honest client should reach a clearer self-disclosure by the client. understanding of his/her life concerns. Attentiveness to the client's verbal and S/he begins to formulate a new sense of non-verbal behaviors hope and direction. Both the counselor Guided to articulate his/her personal and client come to a mutually acceptable concerns and put them in a context on assessment and diagnosis of the how it is understood and how significant problem in this stage. the problem is. How can these goals be achieved? STAGE 3: PLANNING FOR PROBLEM These goals can be achieved through: (1) SOLVING Observance of the trust-promoting conditions; (2) Empathy; (3) Congruence/Genuineness; (4) Processes involved: Unconditional Positive Regard; (5) Concreteness Set the Goals: - the use of clear language/sorting out of Identification of goals for change which should ambiguous statements and help the client find be mutually agreed upon. descriptions to accurately portray the feelings Identify/list all possible solutions: and situation. PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 17  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO The client brainstorms possible alternatives/solutions. The counselor participates only if important solutions are overlooked. Exploration of the consequences of the suggested solution: It involves the selection of action plans for MODULE 4 - ONLINE COUNSELING implementation wherein outcomes are evaluated. Prioritize the solution: ONLINE COUNSELING - Also known as Prioritize from the best to least likely to produce teletherapy, online therapy, e-therapy, the desired results. The client considers how e-counseling, or cyber-counseling. his/her behavior relates to accomplishing goals. Involves providing mental health services and support over the internet STAGE 4: SOLUTION APPLICATION (technology-based). Bridges the gap between mental health professionals and clients regardless of geographical In this stage, the client applies the determined constraints. solution. S/he is reinforced /encouraged to No clear information about the historical behave in new ways, both because the old background of remote counseling or behaviors are habitual and because new therapeutic services. If mental health behaviors may not bring about immediate services via phone are considered, it can results. It should be noted that the interventions be traced back as early as the 1960’s. may be modified. Follow-up is also necessary to 1986: "Dear Uncle Ezra” - A Cornell know if the intervention/s was/were successful. University question and answer forum where people frequently discussed mental health issues via the internet. STAGE 5: TERMINATION Although it is not clear if the person answering the questions was a When the client is satisfied that the new professional or licensed psychologist, a behaviors are working satisfactorily, counseling 2007 article in the Cornell Chronicle is finished. claimed that Uncle Ezra was "an anonymous Cornell staffer with a mental health. Philippines: Radio/TV programs like "Dear Kuya Eddie" (1950’s) and "Lovingly Yours Helen" (1980’s) - Individual concerns related to relationships or mental health were talked about over the radio or shown on television as drama anthologies. The hosts providing advice to the letter senders were not helping professionals and there was no information if the persons guiding them with the advice they provided had a background in the mental health profession. JOHN M. GROHOL, Psy.D - A mental health professional. 1995: Established a public mental health chat that eventually PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 18  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO became Psych Central, a popular mental phone conversations, and text messaging) or in health publication and forum. His a time-delayed format (e.g. email messages). research focuses on the intersection of technology and psychology. TEXT MESSAGING: EMAIL - Works well DR. DAVID SOMMERS - Created the first online therapy that provided continual for people who like space and time to dialogue and a private therapeutic find their words. Feel less intense/less relationship. 1995: Integrated into his pressure, at the moment, to think and practice the use of emails and real-time speak of what brings you to therapy. chats to provide therapy to his clients in Asynchronous; you message your various countries. therapist and wait for the response. It is ED NEEHAM - 1995: Launched sometimes used between online chat, Cyberpsych Counseling. 2017: The first therapist to exclusively use chat rooms to telephone, or webcam counseling work with clients, according to Dror sessions. Green (psychotherapist; pioneer in the CHAT - Live chat is synchronous; you study and practice of online. message with your therapist back and Online platforms became more popular forth in real-time. Delivered over a live in the 2000’s. messaging session on an OREN AND RONI FRANK - 2012: internet-enabled device like a computer, Launched Talkspace, an online therapy platform that quickly evolved to offer smartphone, or tablet with a licensed unlimited messaging therapy. Provides therapist. Clients can ask questions, online therapy on a historic scale, even in receive advice, and talk to a provider its earlier stages, the platform gave without using phone or video calling clients a more robust experience than capabilities. simply exchanging emails with a VIDEO CONFERENCING - Offers therapist. It has largely defined the online therapy landscape in the 2010s, and important visual information that can be many similar companies have followed. essential in diagnosing mental health COVID-19 PANDEMIC - The mental conditions. Increases access for patients, health services of most organizations reducing travel costs, allowing more shifted to online platforms. Mental health flexible scheduling, and giving those with professionals tried their best to make the mobility issues a way to connect from services accessible especially since there home. Requires greater resources e.g. were a lot of concerns related to mental health rooted from the extraordinary video-enabled device, broadband service situation. Results of APA's 2021 COVID-19 for connectivity, social support to assist Practitioner showed Impact Survey that with setup and troubleshooting. 96% of psychologists reported treating PHONE - More broadly accessible; may patients remotely (Monitor on come with fewer technological issues. Psychology, March 2023, Vol. 54, No.2.). Has been deemed acceptable for follow-up assessments. PLATFORMS Online counseling/therapy more or less requires the same counseling skills and Teletherapy or Online counseling can be stages of the therapeutic process during provided through various platforms. They can the face-to-face session. occur in real-time (e.g. video conferencing, PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 19  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO Craig A. Childress in his article about Ethical Issues in Providing Online Psychotherapeutic Interventions: In SUBSECTIONS OF CHAPTER IX providing online psychotherapeutic TELE-WEB COUNSELING (Distance interventions, therapists need to evaluate Counseling, Technology, and Social Media) the degree to which the online clients are informed regarding the potential risks they are assuming, including the 1. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITY - Counselors risk that because there is little formal understand the advancing nature of the profession regarding distance research on the process of online therapy, counseling, technology, and social media. there may arise unforeseen and These platforms are utilized to serve our unanticipated problems. counselees better. Counselors try their best to become knowledgeable with Therapists also need to evaluate their these resources. Counselors are aware of own competency to deliver text-based the possible risks and ensure confidentiality, data protection, and interventions and the source of this ethical standards regarding the use of competency in their background and these resources. training. Before providing online therapy, 2. KNOWLEDGE AND LEGAL mental health professionals also need to CONSIDERATIONS - Counselors using develop theoretical models for the these modes are knowledgeable of interventions being used that are technical skills, ethical, and legal appropriate to delivery in a text-based considerations. Counselors also orient the counselees of their rights and limitations. format. 3. INFORMED CONSENT SECURITY - Counselees are free to choose what CODE OF ETHICS OF THE PHILIPPINE counseling mode to use. They are made GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING, INC aware of the possible risks inherent to these resources. 4. DISTANCE COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP DISTANCE COUNSELING - The provision - Counselors maintain professional of counseling services by means of other boundaries with the counselees and than face-to-face meetings, usually with correct misconceptions regarding the the aid of technology. use of these resources. Counselors PROFESSIONAL VIRTUAL educate the counselees regarding RELATIONSHIP - Using technology potential misunderstandings due to the and/or social professionally and media lack of visual cues and voice intonations. maintaining appropriate professional If the distance counseling services are boundaries. Using business accounts not effective, the counselor shifts to that cannot be linked back to personal face-to-face counseling. accounts as the connection point for the 5. RECORDS AND WEB MAINTENANCE - virtual relationship (e.g. business page vs Counselors who are maintaining personal account). electronic records should be following the data privacy law. Counselees are informed on how electronic records are PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 20  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO being maintained and disposed of. C. RECORDING - It is our duty to obtain consent Counselors who have personal and from clients or their legal representatives before professional web pages and profiles recording the voices or images of the clients. clearly distinguish the two profiles. They Before the actual recording, we explain explicitly also provide accessibility to persons with all anticipated uses of recorded voices or images disability (PWD). of the clients. 6. SOCIAL MEDIA - Counselors explain to the counselees, as part of informed Section VII.B.4 - In teleassessment, we inform consent, the benefits, limitations, and test takers of the implications of poor internet boundaries regarding the use of social connectivity during the test-taking session on media. Counselors respect the privacy of their test performance, particularly for timed counselees' virtual presence and ask assessments). consent to view them. Counselors do not disclose confidential data through social MODULE 5 - OVERVIEW OF THE media. APPROACHES/TECHNIQUES IN COUNSELING/PSYCHOTHERAPY RELATED GUIDELINES FROM CHAPTER II COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES #13 COMPUTER USE - When computer PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY (by applications is/are used as a component of SIGMUND FREUD) - Focuses on the counselor-counselee relationships as in testing unconscious factors that motivate or assessment, counselors must ensure that: behavior. Attention is given to the events a. Counselee/s is/are computer literate. of the first 6 years of life as determinants b. The computer application/s is/are of the later development of personality. appropriate to the needs of the ALDERIAN THERAPY (by ALFRED counselee/s. ADLER and RUDOLPH DREIKURS) - A c. The counselee/s understand/s the growth model that emphasizes purpose and operation of the computer assuming responsibility, creating one's application/s. own destiny, and finding meaning and d. Pertinent record/s stored in the goals to create a purposeful life. computer such as counselor - counselee Individual psychology; individualism. relationship transcription, test data, and personal information are kept confidential. EXPERIENTIAL AND e. Computer application/s does/do not RELATIONSHIP-ORIENTED THERAPIES diminish the counselor's responsibility to act to the following PGCA Code of Ethics, EXISTENTIAL THERAPY (by VIKTOR adherent to the principles of FRANKL, ROLLO MAY, AND IRVIN confidentiality, informed consent, data YALOM) - Stresses building therapy on privacy, and safeguarding against the basic conditions of human existence harmful effects. e.g., choice, freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination PAP CODE OF ETHICS SECTION IV. (purpose of your existence). Focuses on CONFIDENTIALITY the quality of the person-to person therapeutic relationship. PAGE EKA ZITA – PSY43 – [email protected] 21  INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY - MIDTERMS C-PSYE412 FIRST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR SUSAN MOSTAJO PERSON–CENTERED THERAPY (by OLIVIA ESPIN and LAURA BROWN) - A CARL ROGERS AND NATALIE ROGERS) - central concept is the concern for the Developed as a non-directive reaction to psychological oppression of women. psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective Focusing on the constraints imposed by view of human experiencing, it places the sociopolitical status to which women faith in and gives responsibility to the have been relegated, this approach client in dealing with problems and explores women's identity development, concerns. self-concept, goals and aspirations, and GESTALT THERAPY (by FRITZ and emotional well-being. LAURA PERLS, MIRIAM AND ERVNG POSTMODERN APPROACHES POLSTER) - Stresses awareness and (Solution-focused Brief Therapy; integration of the functioning of body Narrative Therapy) (by STEVE DE and mind; Empty chair - for unresolved SHAZER, INSOO KIM BERG, MICHAEL issues, unfinished business. WHITE, and DAVID EPSTON) - Assumes that there is no single truth; it is believed that reality is socially constructed COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL through human interaction. These APPROACHES approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his/her own life. BEHAVIOR THERAPY (by B.F SKINNER, FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY 50’s (by ARNOLD LAZARUS and ALBERT ALFRED ADLER, MURRAY BOWEN, BANDURA) - Applies the principles of VIRGINIA SATIR, CARL WHITAKER, learning to the resolution of specific SALVADOR MINUCHIN, JAY HALEY, and behavioral problems. The results are CLOE MADANES) - Based on the subject to continual experimentation assumption that the key to changing the COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (by individual is understanding and working A.T BECK, JUDITH BECK, and DONALD with the family. MEICHENBEUM) - Gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (by ALBERT ELLIS) - A highly