Oxygenation Lecture PDF

Oxygenation/tissue perfusion Labs and Diagnostics Cole Student => Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiology Oxygenation : supply of CO2 to cells tissues and organs,...

Oxygenation/tissue perfusion Labs and Diagnostics Cole Student => Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiology Oxygenation : supply of CO2 to cells tissues and organs, Ms Neuro , pulmonary 4 systems : , , circulatory CardiovascularSystem : provide Perfusion blood flow to capillary bed to Circulation : blood flow through body : , and organs -nutrients and 02 to tissues Heart : 4 chambers two atria , two ventricles , values , - (ventvicles contract regulated by electrical activity - dia?Cycle heartbeat : two atria contract & , : stroke volume in liters heartrate in beats per minute times Cardiac Output : multiplying =..... beat per via nutrients) Returns to heart and lungs Arteries Arterioles Capillaries (exchange of gases ,. venous system of gases , 02 and 102 Respiration exchange : lation. : movement of air : inspiration and expiration Circulation of blood in the body · Pulmonary system : Oxygenation : * Tissues require oxygen to meet metabolic. the requirements purpose of respiration : deliver oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back Cardiovascular system moves oxygen from the to thelungs , where it can be expired that direct the depth and rate of respiration Respiration is controlled by neural and chemical changes Physiology of oxygenation Loading… Cardiac Factors that affect oxygenation and perfusion · CAD - bloodissupplie : is heart the SANode : pacemaker of the heart CHF Cardiac failure : , heart is the and interruption a is located the right an inefficient pump arteries , in atrium coronary of blood unable to meet the needs/ ·cara normallygenerateseand and a tissues. that Impulse demands of the body arteries by atherosclerosis , spasms of heart failure regular Cause Or congenital malformatistood damage to a heart Address include the Arrhythmiasother value , pressure around deficien, Me may , Vitamin B heart in be Me and damage to blood vessels B Me · losa withpossible Me Respiratory factors that affect oxygenation and perfusion I Chronic Bronchitis : Emphysema : enlargement inflammation of the large of gas exchange Loading… airways airways, increased and damage to the alveolar production of mucus , Chronic walls in the longs lining of of Coughc lining airways is airways is damaged, damaged increasing , the increasing the difficulty of difficultly of clearing mucus causing hyperinflation of the Chest Chronic Emphysema Me Me Bronchitis Hematological factors that affect oxygenation and perfusion Assessment Analysis/Hypothesis Impaired gas exchange Activity intolerance Implementation and Evaluation Rationale : a major complication mobility is retention of pulmonary secretions of reduced atelectasis and pneumonia which predisposes the patient to Promotion of oxygenation deep breathing cough : , , Incentive ambulate spirometer Change positions , Oxygen therapy prescribed temporary oxygen and medications supplemental Oxygen : or permanent basis Safety precautions high oxygen levels can be toxic Oxygen delivery systems Delegation of Suctioning Oval oropharyngeal and can be delegated cannot tracheostomy nasotracheal , and nasopharyngeal Prioritization Loading… Nasal Cannula Simple Mask Partial Rebreather Non-Rebreather Oxygen Delivery Systems Trach Collar Respiratory medications Promote ventilation and oxygenation Bronchodilators relaxes and smoothes muscle of Anticholinergics ↳ decrease bronchioles open airways , secretions , Corticosteroids Leukotriene modifiers& reduceinflammation is Vaccines Antibiotics mucolytics decrease : thickness of secretions Mobilization of pulmonary secretions increase fluid intake to 2800mc/day Hydration 3 avoid Caffeine or alcohol Humidification Nebulization. 3 smallwaterdropletscretions Chest physiotherapy postural drainage coughing : , deep breathing , incentive spirometry Artificial airways Oral Tracheal Pharyngeal airways prevent obstruction pulling the tongue : from the forward and away back of the throat Promotion of lung expansion Positioning Patient education : to manage disease and control risk factors. Educational topics include of influenza and pneumonia diet exercise smoking Cessation and , importance the communicable diseases , these. immunizations to prevent Labs and Diagnostics Blood cell types  Pre Procedure Supportive interventions prep Role of the Patient Baseline Assessment teaching Nurse monitor potential patient complications status  CBC Lab Coagulation studies Blood Chemistry Tests Kidney Function Tests Lipid Profile blood Liver Function Tests Cardiac Markers Complete Blood Count Component Normal Value Significance of low Significance of high Male 14-18 Hemoglobin (HGB) : Anemia: hemorrhage (g/dL) female : 12-16 Iron containing pigment of RBC's : oxygen carrying Hematocrit (HCT) Male : 40 7-50 3 %.. Anemia: Hemorrhage Fluid volume deficit (%) Female : 34 1-44 3 %.. Over hydration (blood dilution) measures t of MBL's/fluid volume of blood White blood cells Adult Infection : 5 000 - 10 , 000 , (WBC) (cells/mm3) Coagulation Studies (Hemostasis) Platelets used diagnose hemorrhagic diseases : to Prothrombin time detects coagulationdisorders INR (International normalized ratio) monitors of anticoagulation effectiveness PTT/aPTT detects coagulation · disorders Blood Chemistry: BMP Component Normal Value Decreased level Increased level Potassium Body fluid loss: vomiting, Renal failure, burns, crushing 3 5 to 5 2 mEalL (mEq/L).. diarrhea, diuretics, inadequate injuries intake electrolyte Glucose Too much insulin or oral Decreased or missed insulin (mg/dL) 70 to 100 mg/dL hypoglycemic Illness or infection an energy source for cellular Inadequate food Untreated diabetes necessary metabolism Too much exercise Sodium 135 to 145 mEalL Diuretics, GI fluid loss Too much sodium, fluid (mEq/L) deprivation to 5 9% Hgb A₁c 4%. 9% poor glucose control Not part of the BMP > 6 S% for. diabetes  Blood Glucose Monitoring Purpose : UAD : · monitoring glucose levels · timing according to in blood (capillary orders sample) avoidance of extremities monitoring · · the response with cuts or bruising to insulin therapy sites preferred determining amount the · of insulin needed for techniques · proper scale a sliding https://www.mdlinx.com/endocrinology/article/1079 Kidney Function Tests (part of BMP) Component Normal Value Increased level Blood urea nitrogen Renal disease (BUN) Dehydration (mg/dL) 10-20mg/d Excessive protein breakdown or intake Creatinine female : 0 5-1 /.. Impaired renal function mg/dL) male : 0 6-1.. 2 Lipid Profile Total Cholesterol High-density lipoprotein Cholesterol reduce the risk of heart disease Low-density lipoprotein Cholesterol transport cholesterol from liver to the rest of the body Triglycerides fatty acids , proteins , and glucose  Liver Function tests Albumin measures how well liver Bilirubin 3 is making clearing protein bilirubin , and a waste product Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)  Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) Cardiac Markers into the bloodstream heart muscles cells leak Proteins from injured CK-MB Myoglobin Troponins  Lab Tests : Urine Lab Tests: and stool urine and stool Urinalysis · Urinalysis Stool · Culture and Sensitivity Stool Loading… · culture a sensitivity sputum Culture : infectious disease, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis is suspected abnormal cells can identify tumor indicative of a or malignancy https://www.studypk.com/news-category/nursing/nursing- notes/page/4/  Radiography Diagnostics Computed Tomography Diagnostics MRI: Magnetic Resonance Electrocardiogram Diagnostics exam of the interior of an organ or carity - by means of a fiberotic scope : gives of the direct visualization area used , tumors and to remove tissue to identify Endoscopy samples for biopsy Ultrasound W· sualization of soft tissue organs by the reflection recording measuring and converted into of ultrasonic waves then computers electrical Signals , into image a visual translates signals Needle Aspirations and Biopsies