Oxygenation & Chest Physiotherapy - Fall 23-24 PDF

OXYGENATION & Chest Physiotherapy. SLIDES Dr. Rahaf Akel Rajjoub & Ms. SUMATHI SASIKALA.G PREPARED BY PRESENTER Dr. Rahaf Akel Rajjoub COLLEGE / COHS CENTRE PROGRAM NURSING SEMESTER Fall 23-24...

OXYGENATION & Chest Physiotherapy. SLIDES Dr. Rahaf Akel Rajjoub & Ms. SUMATHI SASIKALA.G PREPARED BY PRESENTER Dr. Rahaf Akel Rajjoub COLLEGE / COHS CENTRE PROGRAM NURSING SEMESTER Fall 23-24 1  OXYGENATION & Chest Physiotherapy. SLIDES Dr. Rahaf Akel Rajjoub & Ms. SUMATHI SASIKALA.G PREPARED BY PRESENTER Dr. Rahaf Akel Rajjoub COLLEGE / COHS CENTRE PROGRAM NURSING SEMESTER Fall 23-24 1  COURSE OUTCOMES(FROM COURSE SPECIFICATION) A1. Explain the concepts and principles related to medication administration and the basic physiological needs of the patient pertaining to hygiene, nutrition, elimination, and oxygenation. A2. Identify the indications, special precautions, contraindications, equipment required for administration of medications and procedures related to meeting the hygienic, nutritional, elimination needs of clients. 2 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  Learning Outcomes At the end of the session students will be able to, Describe the Factors affecting Describe the importance of chest Oxygenation. physiotherapy. Enlist the Equipment needed for Loading… Oxygen administration & its purposes. Discuss the indications Enlist the contraindications Discuss the Nursing process in oxygenation. Enumerate the techniques of chest physiotherapy Explain about maintenance of patent airway. Discuss in detail about suction and pulse oximetry. 3 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW 4 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW her Loading… 5 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW 6 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  TERMINOLOGIES mucal Inspiration (the active phase, involves movement of muscles and the thorax to & bring air into the lungs). Expiration ( the passive phase, is the movement of air out - - G of the lungs) - Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Respiration involves gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli - and blood in the capillaries. - Perfusion is the process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues. 7 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  TERMINOLOGIES Diffusion refers to the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air (in the alveoli) and the blood (in the capillaries) Vesicular (low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields) Bronchial (loud, high-pitched sounds heard primarily over the trachea and larynx) Broncho vesicular (medium pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi) sound Crackles (frequently heard on inspiration, are soft, high-pitched discontinuous (intermittent) popping sounds) Hyperventilation (increased rate and depth of ventilation, above the body’s normal metabolic requirements) 8 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  TERMINOLOGIES Hypoventilation (decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs) Hypoxia(condition in which an inadequate amount of oxygen is available to cells) hypoxemia (insufficient oxygen in the blood) Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) Wheezes ( continuous, musical sounds, produced as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, narrowing, secretions) Pleural friction rub is a continuous, dry grating sound. Atelectasis Incomplete lung expansion or the collapse of alveoli Tracheostomy is an artificial opening made into the trachea, usually at the level of the second or third cartilaginous ring 9 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGENATION A. Physiological Factors structure/function - We have already described the role that the lungs and heart play in oxygenation, but it is also important to recognize that other processes also directly impact the proper functioning of the lungs and heart. - The diaphragm, a large muscle located just below the lungs, assists with inhalation and exhalation of gases in the lungs. - The contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles make it possible for the heart to pump blood efficiently. - Contraction and relaxation of both the diaphragm and cardiac muscles depend on proper signaling from the neurologic system. - Blood vessels are also made of smooth muscles that assist with the circulation of oxygen- rich blood to target tissue. 10 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGENATION B. Age and Developmental Stage - An immature respiratory system and immune system coupled with a smaller heart place younger child at a greater risk for impaired oxygenation. - Older adults are also at risk for impaired oxygenation because the functional capacity of Loading… the lungs and heart diminish as the individual ages. C. Environmental Factors - Pollutants and allergens in the air (eg, pollen, smog, toxic chemicals) as well as secondhand smoke may damage lung tissue. - High altitudes also impair oxygenation because there is a decreased amount of oxygen in inspired air. 11 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGENATION D. Diet The consequences of a poor diet are well documented. Food content as well as the amount of food ingested may cause problems that directly impact oxygenation. 12 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGENATION E. Lifestyle: A sedentary lifestyle increases cardiac workload because it promotes obesity and decreases muscles strength (eg, diaphragm and heart). Smoking is associated with chronic respiratory disorders and cancer. Additionally, nicotine causes constriction of the coronary arteries and increases blood pressure (increasing the workload on the heart). - At the same time, nicotine increases the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood, which causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen available for circulation to body tissues. Drug and alcohol abuse: Narcotics and large amounts of alcohol may cause respiratory depression. 13 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGENATION Health Alterations any diseas Health alterations directly related to respiratory (e.g.: Pneumonia/COPD /Hypoventilation/Hyperventilation) Cardiovascular function (e.g.: Dysrhythmia/Coronary artery disease /Hypertension/ Heart attack /Hypovolemia (massive bleeding, severe dehydration/Peripheral vascular disease). Other health deviations that may alter oxygenation include: o Pain (e.g., abdominal surgery, fractured ribs), which causes shallow breathing o Infections or wound healing (increase demand for oxygen) first wo o Neurologic disorders (eg, spinal cord injuries, Guillain-Barré syndrome) - o Muscle disorders (may affect muscles used for breathing and cardiac muscles) o Ingestion of foreign object (eg, foods, toys) o Pregnancy (enlarged uterus decreases room for lung expansion and causes shortness of breath) 14 U N I V E R S I T Y O F B U R A I M I  ALTERATIONS IN OXYGENATION Certain cues may be present that signal that a patient is having problems with oxygenation, including: 1) Anxiety, confusion, disorientation 9) Chest pain (respiratory or cardiac in nature) 2) Changes in vital signs (temperature, 10) Heart murmur pulse respirations, blood pressure) 11) Clubbing of fingers and toes 3) Shortness of breath (with chronic lack of oxygen) 4) Cyanosis (late sign) 12) Capillary refill