Nursing Theories Overview PDF

OVERVIEW Prepared by: JOAN BALITON-TAROMA, MSN,RN  OVERVIEW THEORY- is an organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of concepts, propositions, definitions and assumptions intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena. “A creative and rigorous structuring...

OVERVIEW Prepared by: JOAN BALITON-TAROMA, MSN,RN  OVERVIEW THEORY- is an organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of concepts, propositions, definitions and assumptions intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena. “A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena” ( Chinn and Kramer, 1991 )  CONCEPT- is defined as an idea formulated by the mind or an experience perceived and observed. PROPOSITION- on the other hand, explains the relationships of different concepts.  DEFINITION- is composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduces the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts. ASSUMPTION- is a statement that specifies the relationship or connection of factual concepts or phenomena. NURSING a learned profession with compassionate concern for maintaining and promoting health, preventing illness, caring for, and rehabilitating the sick and disabled. (ROGERS 1980). A professional discipline giving a socially valued service which focuses on the individual who is attempting to maintain or re- establish equilibrium. (JOHNSON (1959).  A helping art which uses a unique blend of thoughts and feelings and overt action in relation to an individual who is in need of help. (WIEDENBACH, 1964). Interaction with a patient with a need which involves patient validation with the needed and the help provided in order to improve the patient health. (ORLANDO, 1961).  NURSING THEORY Is a group of interrelated concepts that are developed from various studies of disciplines and related experiences. “ an articulated and communicated conceptualization of invented or discovered reality (central phenomena and relationships) in or pertaining to nursing for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, or prescribing nursing care”. ( Meleis, 1991 ) According to American Nursing Association ( ANA ) “ diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems”.  NURSING PARADIGMS Represents global ideas about individuals, groups, situations and phenomena of interest to this discipline. It explains the nature of human beings, their relationship with the environment, and the human-universal-health processes.  NURSING METAPARADIGM Are patterns or models used to show a clear relationships among the existing theoretical works in nursing. * METAPARADIGM came from the word “ meta”, a Greek word which means “with” and “ paradigm” which means “ pattern”. 4 Basic Concepts: Person Health Environment Nursing These four major concepts establish a better direction and understanding of nursing profession. The Nursing Metaparadigm embodies the knowledge base, literature identified with the profession.  These given concepts vary in accordance to the experiences and views of different nursing theorists.  PERSON- the recipient of nursing care like individuals, families, and communities. Ex. Nightingale proposed that the physical, intellectual, and spiritual being of a person is not capable of manipulating the environment to promote health. This means that a person is a passive recipient of care.  ENVIRONMENT- The external aspects of life that influence the person. Ex. Physical environment is emphasized by Nightingale in her theory. She focused on ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness.  HEALTH- the holistic level of wellness that the person experiences. NURSING- The interventions of the nurse rendering care in support of, or in cooperation with the client  DIFFERENT THEORIES according to function DESCRIPTIVE ( factor- isolating Theories ) - to know the properties and workings of a discipline EXPLANATORY ( factor- relating theories) - to examine how properties relate and thus affect the discipline. PREDICTIVE ( Situation- relating theories) - to calculate relationships between properties and how they occur PRESCRIPTIVE ( Situation- producing theories)- to identify under which conditions relationships occur.  PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING PHILOSOPHY- is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm. It specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing. Theories may be formed from these philosophies such as the work of WATSON and BENNER.  CONCEPTUAL MODELS CONCEPTS- are the building blocks of theories. It enhances one’s capacity to understand phenomena as it help define the meaning of a word. Can be used in making or formulating a conceptual or an operational definition. 2 TYPES: a. ABSTRACT CONCEPTS- are indirectly observed or intangible. It is independent of time and place. b. CONCRETE CONCEPTS- are directly observed or tangible. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS- are the meaning of a word based on how a certain theory or relevant literature perceives it to be ex. Roles/ concepts of nurse, patient care, and environment. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS- are meaning of a word based on the method of how it was measured or how the person comes up with that perception.  Ex. Significance of pain perception and practiced nursing intervention.  PHENOMENON Are experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as crying or grimacing when in pain. It is concerned with how an individual person reacts using the human senses concerning their surrounding and assessing the different behaviors and factors that affect such behaviors.  Clinical or environmental setting of nursing- health center Disease process Client’s behavior Interventions Practices that are utilized in nursing theories and metaparadigms.  SCIENCE From the latin word scientia, meaning “ knowledge”, refers to any systematic knowledge or practice in a discipline of study. Refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method. Is also the organized body of knowledge gained through research.  KNOWLEDGE Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences, or through formal/ informal learning such as formal education, self- study, vocational. The abstract or workable understanding of a subject or idea.  COGNITIVE PROCESSES Perception-achieving understanding of sensory data. Association- combining two- or more concepts/ ideas to form a new concept, or for comparison. Learning- acquiring experience, skills, information and values. Reasoning- mental process of seeking conclusions through reason. Communication- transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication.  SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE- passed down from generation to generation. AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE- is an idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his or her expertise. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE- came from scientific method through research.  ADVANTAGES TRADITIONAL AND AUTHORITATIVE- practical to implement. SCIENTIFIC – systematic and accurate, theories it creates are less subjective than knowledge gained by other methods.  DISADVANTAGES TRADITIONAL AND AUTHORITATIVE- based on a subjective data - Limited use in a variety of practice setting. - In nursing practice, scientific knowledge through evidence- based practice and research serves as the main focus. SCIENTIFIC- requires time and effort to produce credible results.  CATEGORIES OF THEORY  SCOPE OF THEORY- refers to complexity and degree of abstraction, its level of specificity and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions. METATHEORY, PHILOSOPHY OR WORLDWIDE - In nursing it focuses on broad issues such as the processes of generating knowledge and theory development, and it is a forum for debate within the discipline. B. GRAND THEORIES - are the most complex and broadest in scope, they only assist nursing research in an occasional manner. C. MIDDLE- RANGE - lies between the nursing models and more circumscribed, concrete ideas (practice theories). D. PRACTICE THEORIES – are also called micro-theories, prescriptive theories, or situation- specific theories and are the least complex.  CRITICAL THEORY- is used in the academe to describe theories that clarify how social structures influence a wide variety of human experiences from art to social practices  THANK YOU FOR LISTENING