Overview of Educational Theory.pdf

2 Overview of Educational Theory so  1. Behaviourism theory of learning Pavlov , Thorndike , Watson, & Skinner e *** *** Behaviorism (behavioral psychology) revolves around III three key assumptions:...

2 Overview of Educational Theory so  1. Behaviourism theory of learning Pavlov , Thorndike , Watson, & Skinner e *** *** Behaviorism (behavioral psychology) revolves around III three key assumptions: e 1. learning is manifested by a change in the overt behavior (Observable behavior ). III dd  Behaviorists recognize that learning is an internal event. However, it is not recognized as learning until it is displayed e of by overt behavior.  behaviorist theory views the learner’s 0 0 00 mind as a “black box” The organism is treated as a “black o box.” We only know what is going on inside the box by the organism’s overt behavior. e Organism s_ Stimulus Response ee (S) (O) (R) 5 0 R  assesses 2. The environment shapes one's behavior (Environment impacts the overt behavior) f e DO__ stimulus from the environment is presented and the learner reacts to the stimulus with some e type of response (or behavior)  6 3. Behaviors are acquired through conditioning behaviorists e believed that any person can potentially be trained e to perform any task, regardless of genetic background, personality traits, and internal thoughts (within the limits of Ter Eon their physical capabilities). It only requires the right conditioning.  There are two major types of conditioning: a. Classical Conditioning b. Operant Conditioning TR FOIL_ee a. Classical conditioning :::: The stimulus is paired with a natural response (Stimulus (S) excites ee_ e Response (R) )  This involuntary behavior (R) is elicited or caused by an _g environmental event (stimulus) (S).  For example, if air is blown into your eye, you blink. You we have no voluntary or conscious control over whether the blink occurs or not.  Childis harassed at school,,,, Child begins to feel bad when she thinks of school  b. Operant conditioning::: E conditioning) 11s Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements f and punishments. E Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence I for II that behavior. e The core concept of operant conditioning is simple: when a certain behavior is reinforced, that behavior will become more 0 common. ((reinforcing what you want people to do again; ignoring or punish what you want people to stop doing))  positive reinforcement -----receiving a reward I for acting in a certain way. EX. A student will continue to do his/her homework III because he/she knows that he/she will be rewarded with a candy (action) or is praised (behavior) by his/her parents or teachers if he/she completes it. EX. Many people train their pets with positive reinforcement. Praising a pet or providing a treat when they obey instructions Negative reinforcement ------- rewards a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus, rather than adding a pleasant one ((the removal of something undesirable in response to a given FEE behavior )) EX…………………  Key impacts of behaviourist theories on learning Activity is important……. Learning is better when the learner is active rather than passive. E Repetition is important concept…… FrequentIf practice is necessary for learning to take place. 0000 Skills are not acquired without frequent practice  Humans learn through trial and error. Learning develops over time. Reinforcement is the important motivator. Positive reinforces like rewards and successes are preferable.  2. Cognitivism Learning Theory The core concept of cognitivism learning theory::: The inner mental activities such as thinking, memory, IT_ e perception, and problem-solving …..need to be explored The “black box” of the human mind is valuable and necessary and should be opened and F understood for understanding how people learn.  In contrast to behaviorism, people are not “programmed animals” that merely respond to environmental stimuli; people are beings require active participation in order to learn, and whose actions/behavior f are a consequence of thinking. ___ The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a E computer). Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: information comes in, is being processed, and leads to certain 0 e outcomes e ( 5 behaviors).  Key impacts of cognitivism theories on learning Instruction should be well-organized……….. Well- F organized materials easier to sees learn and to remember. Engage the learners on their own cognitive level Teaching by asking rather than telling oct 5St ask question to your learner facilitate their thinking process encourage reasoning  Setting tasks that involve __f thinking creative Let your learner to solve the problem make decisions form opinions  3. Humanism Learning Theory (adult learners) Abraham Maslow has been considered the Father the of Humanistic Psychology He is famous for proposing that human behaviors is based on a hierarchy of needs. The lowest 2 0 and basic level of needs are physiological and survival to needs such as hunger and thirst.  d e to a a to nee Humanists also believe that it is necessary to study the person as a whole, especially as an individual grows and Ftse develops over the lifespan. It follows that the study of the self, motivation, and goals are areas of particular interest. The humanistic theory of learning involves the concept of learning through watching the behavior of E others and what results from that behavior  Key impacts of Humanism theories on learning Educators who believe in the humanist philosophy of education ….. create an environment where the student is primarily responsible for learning, emphasizing freedom of choice with regards to the learning process. According to the humanistic theory, the teacher should be a role-model encouraging the learner and provide him with reasons and motivation for every new part of the learning process and the learner is an active participant [learners keen & able to learn (readiness) ]. 3  Learning is a natural desire, a mean of self- actualization and development of personal p potentials learners should have more control over the learning process, which should be based on observing and exploring, and so on. No one theory dominates health education practice Rather, some theories focus on individuals while others examine change within families, institutions, communities and cultures. Addressing a health issue may require more than one theory, and no one theory is suitable for all cases. ‫”ﺳﺑﺣﺎﻧك ﻻﻋﻠم ﻟﻧﺎ اﻻ ﻣﺎﻋﻠﻣﺗﻧﺎ اﻧك أﻧت اﻟﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﺣﻛﯾم“‬ ‫‪Thanks‬‬