Human Body Overview PDF

Human Body An Overview  Objectives Define anatomy and physiology Discuss the essential characteristics and chemical basis of life Describe the structural and functional organization of the human body Identify the components and major functions of the different organ systems of the body Ca...

Human Body An Overview  Objectives Define anatomy and physiology Discuss the essential characteristics and chemical basis of life Describe the structural and functional organization of the human body Identify the components and major functions of the different organ systems of the body Categorize the different types of homeostatic response mechanisms to maintain the normal health status of the body  Anatomy Human anatomy - scientific study of the body’s structures. Microscopic anatomy - structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope cytology - the study of cells histology - the study of tissues Gross anatomy - larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed  Approaches to Study Anatomy Regional anatomy - study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region - helps us appreciate the relatedness of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures working together Systemic anatomy - study of the structures that make up a discrete body system - group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. - For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.  Anatomy Anatomical Structures in a Variety of Imaging Techniques (Figure 2.1A and 2.1B) Gross anatomy of the brain (Figure 2.1A) compared to microscopic anatomy of the brain (Figure 2.1B  Imaging Techniques Anatomical Structures in a Variety of Imaging Techniques (Figure 2.1C and 2.1D) Functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain (Figure 2.1C) Ultrasound imagining of fetal brain (Figure 2.1D)  Imaging Techniques Anatomical Structures in a Variety of Imaging Techniques (Figure 2.1E and 2.1F) X-rays can be used to show hard structures like bone (Figure 2.1E) CT scans can be used to show soft tissues (Figure 2.1F)  Physiology Human physiology - scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Example: SWEATING Anatomist - draw the structures of a sweat gland, describe where these glands are found, and compare and contrast different types of sweat glands. Physiologist - explain how sweat was made, relate sweating to its impacts on the body, and predict what might change about the sweating process in various conditions such as dehydration.  Knowledge Check What subspecialty of anatomy studies the structure and function of cells? a. Systemic anatomy b. Histology c. Cytology d. Renal anatomy  Knowledge Check What subspecialty of anatomy studies the structure and function of cells? c. Cytology  Knowledge Check Barbra is learning about the various structures in the area of the body called the pelvic girdle. They are learning about the pelvic joints, the organs within the pelvis such as the urinary bladder, and the muscles of this area. Which type of anatomical study is Barbra using? a. Regional anatomy b. Systemic anatomy c. Cytology d. Histology  Knowledge Check Barbra is learning about the various structures in the area of the body called the pelvic girdle. They are learning about the pelvic joints, the organs within the pelvis such as the urinary bladder, and the muscles of this area. Which type of anatomical study is Barbra using? a. Regional anatomy  13 Characteristics of Life Growth: can increase in size size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials Development: changes in form and size changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized— differentiation Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  14 Characteristics of Life Organization: functional interrelationships between parts Metabolism: sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to environmental changes includes both internal and external © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  15 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  16 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  17 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  18 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  19 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  20 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  21 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  22 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Knowledge Check Consider two solutions Solution A has a pH of 7.5 Solution B has a pH of 7.9 Which of the two solutions is more acidic? a. Solution A b. Solution B c. Neither solution is more acidic  Knowledge Check Consider two solutions Solution A has a pH of 7.5 Solution B has a pH of 7.9 Which of the two solutions is more acidic? a. Solution A Level of Organization of Human Body  Level of Organization of Human Body The human body has several levels of organization From the simplest to the most complex these include:  42 Structural and Functional Organization 1 Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. Chemical: smallest level atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. Cellular: cells: basic units of life compartments and organelles Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.1  43 Structural and Functional Organization 2 3. Tissues: group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release four broad types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.1  44 Structural and Functional Organization 3 4. Organs: two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney Figure 1.1 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  45 Structural and Functional Organization 4 5. Organ-System: group of organs contributing to some function for example, digestive system, reproductive system Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.1  46 Structural and Functional Organization 5 6. Organism: all organ systems working together includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.1 ©Bart Harris/Getty Images  Knowledge Check A structure that is composed of two or more types of tissues and performs a specific function belongs to which level of organization? a. Chemical b. Cellular c. Tissue d. Organ e. System  Knowledge Check A structure that is composed of two or more types of tissues and performs a specific function belongs to which level of organization? d. Organ Organ Systems of the Body  Knowledge Check Which system is responsible for maintaining acid-base balance and gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere? a. Urinary b. Respiratory c. Digestive d. Endocrine e. Nervous  Knowledge Check Which system is responsible for maintaining acid-base balance and gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere? b. Respiratory  Homeostasis Dynamic stability of the body’s internal environment The body’s parameters are kept near a normal setpoint such as pH, temperature, blood pressure, oxygen levels, nutrient levels, and electrolyte levels are constantly monitored  58 Homeostasis Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.5  Homeostasis For example, body temperature Sensors in the skin detect increase in temperature Control center receives sensory information to main- tain body temperature setpoint (37°C) Control center communicates with  Feedback Loops Negative feedback - method of control for many variables of the human body. The body’s response is to decrease the original stimulus Positive feedback - occurs when the original stimulus is  Negative Feedback Loop Controlling blood sugar levels: A decrease in blood sugar levels leads to release of glucagon from the pancreas Glucagon will then promote an increase in blood sugar levels  Positive Feedback Loop Childbirth involves a positive feedback loop Stretching of the cervix leads to release of oxytocin Oxytocin strengthens contractions of the uterus Cervix stretches  63 Homeostasis Comparison of negative feedback and positive feedback Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.7  Knowledge Check What component of a feedback loop is responsible for directly making changes to maintain homeostasis? a. Control center b. Effector c. Sensor  Knowledge Check What component of a feedback loop is responsible for directly making changes to maintain homeostasis? b. Effector  Anatomical Terminologies  Objectives Apply anatomical terminologies in describing body directions, landmarks, and body planes. Demonstrate the anatomic position. Label the different body cavities, abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the major organs they contain.  Knowledge Check Which cavity of the human body contains the brain? a. Thoracic cavity b. Abdominal cavity c. Cranial cavity d. Pelvic cavity  Knowledge Check Which cavity of the human body contains the brain? c. Cranial cavity  Case Activity If a patient presents with right lower quadrant pain in an Emergency Department, what are some potential causes of the patient’s pain? (Hint: Think of organs located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen.)  Case Activity Think of organs located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Since this is where the patient’s pain is, those organs are most likely to be the cause of the pain. These organs include the appendix, part of the urinary bladder, ascending colon, and sections of the small intestine.  Assignment Self-photo in anatomic position  Assignment Criteria Points Description Anatomic Position Body Alignment 10 The body is standing upright, facing forward. Head Position 10 The head is in a neutral position, facing forward. Arm Position 10 Arms are at the sides with palms facing forward. Leg Position 10 Legs are straight with feet slightly apart and toes pointing forward. Overall Symmetry 10 The body appears symmetrical with no obvious tilting or rotation. Description of Anatomic Position Clarity and Conciseness 10 The description is clear, concise, and easy to understand. Head and Neck 10 Correct description of the position of the head and neck. Torso 10 Correct description of the alignment and positioning of the torso. Upper Limbs 10 Correct description of the positioning of the arms and hands. Lower Limbs 10 Correct description of the positioning of the legs and feet.  Assignment Score Range Evaluation 90-100 Excellent - Meets all criteria with high quality and points detailed descriptions. 80-89 points Good - Meets most criteria with some minor issues. 70-79 Fair - Meets basic criteria but lacks detail or has points some noticeable issues. 60-69 Needs Improvement - Missing several criteria or points has significant issues. Below 60 points Poor - Does not meet the basic criteria.