OTHM Unit 5 - Copy.pptx
Transcript
Asbestos Use: • • • • • • Asbestos cement roofs. Ceiling tiles. Fire break walls. Floor tiles. Downpipes. Pipe lagging. Health Risks Associated with Asbestos Diseases: • Asbestosis. • Lung cancer. • Mesothelioma. • Diffuse pleural thickening. Managing Asbestos in Buildings The Control of Asbes...
Asbestos Use: • • • • • • Asbestos cement roofs. Ceiling tiles. Fire break walls. Floor tiles. Downpipes. Pipe lagging. Health Risks Associated with Asbestos Diseases: • Asbestosis. • Lung cancer. • Mesothelioma. • Diffuse pleural thickening. Managing Asbestos in Buildings The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 require: • Awareness of presence of asbestos by occupiers/owners. • Need for an asbestos management plan. • Maintaining an Asbestos Register – identifying locations. • Record of regular inspections. • Monitoring the condition. Left alone and undisturbed, asbestos will Blood-Borne Viruses Any virus present in and transmissible by blood; e.g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis virus. Hepatitis B and C: • ‒ Transmitted in blood and other body fluids. ‒ Risk to healthcare workers, fire-fighters, police, waste disposal workers, etc. ‒ Symptoms are jaundice, liver damage. ‒ Can be a chronic disease. Blood-Borne Viruses Typical controls for hepatitis: • PPE: gloves, eye protection. • Disposal of material as clinical waste. • Prevention of needle-stick injuries. • Decontamination and disinfection. • Vaccination. • Accident procedures, e.g. needle-stick injuries. Carbon Monoxide Colourless, odourless gas: • By-product of partial combustion, e.g. poorly maintained boilers. • Inhalation hazard. • Prevents red blood cells transporting oxygen. • Chemical asphyxiation: ‒ Low levels (0.005%) – worsening headache. ‒ High levels (1.3%) – rapid unconsciousness and death. Carbon Monoxide Typical controls: • Competent engineers for gas systems. • Maintenance and testing of boilers and flues. • Good ventilation. • LEV for workshop vehicle exhausts. • Siting of equipment containing combustion engines. • CO alarms. • Confined space entry controls. Cement Used to make mortar and concrete. Harmful effects: • Irritation of the: ‒ Eyes. ‒ Respiratory tract. ‒ Skin. • Corrosive burns to skin on repeated/prolonged contact. • Allergic dermatitis. Cement Typical controls: • Eliminating or reducing exposure. • PPE - gloves, dust masks, eye protection. • Removal of contaminated clothing. • Good hygiene and washing skin on contact. Legionella Bacteria Health Risk • Water-loving soil bacteria. • Infests water systems. • Water sprayed to form a mist creates inhalation risk. • ‘Flu-like fever followed by pneumonia. • Legionnaires’ disease. Legionella Bacteria Management controls: • • Risk assessment, written control scheme and review of control measures. Nominated responsible person. Practical controls: • • • • • • • • Avoid water temperatures between 20°C and 45°C. Avoid water stagnation. Avoid using material that can harbour bacteria and provide them with nutrients. Control the release of water spray. Keep water, storage systems and equipment clean. Use water (chemical) treatments where necessary. Carry out water sampling and analysis. Ensure correct and safe operation and maintenance of water systems. Leptospira Bacteria Leptospirosis: • Infected urine from: rats, mice, cattle and horses. • Contaminated water in contact with cuts, grazes, etc. • Occupations at risk are dairy farmers, sewage workers, water sports instructors. • ’Flu-like symptoms, jaundice, liver damage (Weil’s disease). Typical controls: • Preventing rat infestation – good housekeeping, pest control. • Good personal hygiene. • PPE, especially gloves. • Covering cuts and grazes. • Issuing ‘at risk cards’ to workers. Silica • • • • Component of rock (quartz). Found in quarries, pottery and construction industry. Inhalation hazard (respirable crystalline silica). Causes scar tissue to form in lungs (silicosis). Typical controls: • • • • • Alternative work methods. Dust suppression by water. LEV. RPE. Health surveillance. Wood Dust • Inhalation hazard – causes irritation. • May cause asthma. • Some hardwoods can cause cancer. Typical controls: • • • • LEV. Vacuuming rather than sweeping. RPE. Health surveillance. Types of Work Equipment • • • • • Simple hand tools. Hand-held power tools. Single machines. Mobile work equipment. Machine assemblies. Suitability Work equipment should be carefully selected to ensure it is appropriate for the: • Task. • Environment and conditions. Employers in the EU have to ensure that any equipment they purchase for work use has a CE mark and complies with European standards. Suitability EU ‘Machinery Directive’ (2006/42/EC) Manufacturers are required to: ● Meet the ‘essential health and safety requirements’. ● Create a technical file. ● Fix a Conformité Européenne (CE) mark. ● Provide a written Declaration of Conformity. ● Provide written information on hazards, risk, safe use and maintenance of equipment. In the UK similar requirements for UKCA marking exist under the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008. Preventing Access to Dangerous Parts of Machinery Access to dangerous parts is prevented or movement of dangerous parts is stopped: • fixed guards, • other guards and protection devices, • protection appliances, • information, instruction, training and supervision, to the extent that it is practicable. Restricting Use The use is restricted to trained and competent operators for equipment that: • Is highly specialised. • Has a range of hazards. Maintenance of work equipment restricted to trained and competent persons. Information, Instruction and Training Provided for: • Work equipment users: ‒ Low-risk equipment – reading instructions. ‒ High-risk equipment – formal training, check effectiveness. • Managers. • Maintenance staff: ‒ To minimise risk. ‒ To understand maintenance requirements. Information, Instruction and Training Users of work equipment should: • Only operate equipment they are authorised to use. • Operate equipment in accordance with instruction and training. • Only use equipment for its intended purpose. • Carry out safety checks before using equipment. • Not use equipment if it is unsafe. • Report defects immediately. • Not use equipment under the influence of drugs or alcohol. • Keep equipment clean and maintained in safe working order. Maintenance Requirements Maintenance regimes: • Planned preventive maintenance: ‒ E.g. car engine oil change. ‒ Scheduled at regular intervals. • Condition-based maintenance: ‒ E.g. vehicle brake pads. ‒ Following routine inspection. • Breakdown maintenance: ‒ Emergency repairs. Group Exercise Maintenance is often seen as a ‘highrisk’ activity. What is it about maintenance work that increases the risk? Maintenance Requirements During maintenance, staff at greater risk because: • Guards and enclosures removed. • Safety devices removed or disabled. • Equipment partially or completely dismantled. • Power sources exposed. • Stored power released, e.g. compressed spring. • Access awkward. • Manual handling heavy parts. • Additional hazards, e.g. power tools. • Pressure to get the equipment running quickly. Maintenance Requirements Additional precautions during maintenance work: • Competent staff. • Power sources isolated/locked off. • Stored power released or secured or: ‒ Cover live parts with insulating material. ‒ Use additional PPE. • If dangerous moving parts are accessed: ‒ Run at very slow speed. ‒ Fit purpose-made maintenance guards. • Precautions for safe access. • Use manual handling aids. Equipment Controls and Environmental Factors Controls should be: • Well designed, easy to use. • Suitably located. • Easily identifiable. • In good working order. • Compliant with relevant standards. Emergency stops: • Buttons. • Pull cords. Equipment Controls and Environmental Factors • Equipment should: ‒ Be stable. ‒ Have controls appropriately marked. ‒ Have appropriate warning signs. • Lighting should be: ‒ Adequate. ‒ Suitable (note ‘stroboscopic’ effect). ‒ Environmentally suitable. • Space should be adequate. Hazards and Controls for Hand Tools Include: • Hammer. • Chisel. • Screwdriver. • Axe. Group Exercise Discuss: • what accidents can occur with hand-held tools, and • how the tools became damaged. Hazards and Controls for Hand Tools Hazards: • Tool may shatter. • Handle may come loose. • Tool may be blunt requiring excessive force. • Human error, e.g. hit thumb with hammer. • Misuse, e.g. wrong tool for job. Hazards and Controls for Hand Tools Controls: • Tools suitable for the task and environment of use. • Information, instruction and training. • Visual inspection of tools. • Substandard tools repaired or discarded. • Maintenance of tools. • Supervision of practices. Hazards and Controls for Portable Power Tools Higher risk because: • Forces are greater, meaning potential for very severe injury. • Additional hazards present, such as: ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Electricity. Petrol. Noise. Vibration. Dust. Ejected material. Trip hazards. Hazards and Controls for Portable Power Tools Controls: • Careful selection: ‒ Task. ‒ Environment. • Instructions: ‒ Manufacturer's instructions. ‒ In-house rules. • Training and information, competence. • Supervision. • Routinely inspected. • Repair or disposal of unsafe tools. • Regular maintenance - by competent staff. Hazards and Controls for Portable Power Tools Requirements of safe practice: • Tools used within design specification (e.g. disc speeds). • Guards and safety devices in place. • PPE used. • Power cables controlled. • Ejected parts controlled, e.g. secured work area. • Control of any noise, dust, vibration. • Safe storage and handling of fuel (e.g. petrol). • Inspection and testing of electrical equipment. Mechanical and NonMechanical Hazards Mechanical hazards: • Contact with or being caught up by moving parts. Non-mechanical hazards: • From power source or things being emitted by the machine. Mechanical Hazards • Crushing. • Shearing. • Cutting or severing. • Entanglement. • Drawing in or trapping. • Impact. • Stabbing or puncture. • Friction or abrasion. • High-pressure fluid injection. Mechanical Hazards Crushing Mechanical Hazards Shearing Mechanical Hazards Cutting or Severing Mechanical Hazards Entanglement Mechanical Hazards Drawing in or Trapping Mechanical Hazards Impact Mechanical Hazards Stabbing or Puncture Mechanical Hazards Friction or Abrasion Mechanical Hazards High-Pressure Fluid Injection • Injuries caused by liquids released under pressure. • May have small entry wound but travel through tissue. Group Exercise What are the non-mechanical hazards which are associated with machinery? Non-Mechanical Hazards • • • • • • • • • • Electricity. Noise. Vibration. Hazardous substances. Ionising radiation. Non-ionising radiation. Extreme temperatures. Ergonomics. Slips, trips and falls. Fire and explosion. End of Module 9.3 Exercise 1. Identify the mechanical hazards. 2. Identify the nonmechanical hazards. Machinery Safeguarding Methods • Fixed guards. • Interlocked guards. • Adjustable/self-adjusting guards. • Sensitive protective equipment (trip devices). • Two-hand controls. • Hold-to-run controls. • Emergency stop controls. • Protective appliances. • Personal protective equipment. • Information, instruction, training and supervision. Machinery Safeguarding Methods Types of machinery guards: Fixed. Interlocked. Adjustable/self adjusting. Trip. Fixed Guards • Completely prevent access to dangerous parts of machinery. • Are fixed in place. • Require a tool for removal: ‒ Limitation. Group Discussion Apart from the mechanical hazards, what hazards can fixed guards provide protection against? Group Discussion Apart from the mechanical hazards, what hazards can fixed guards provide protection against? • Electricity. • Radiation. • Hot surfaces. • Noise. • Ejection of swarf or dust. Interlocked Guards Guard open: • Power to the machine is disabled when the guard is open and it will not operate until the guard is in place. Guard closed: • the guard is locked shut until the machine has returned to a safe condition; or • the act of opening the guard stops the dangerous parts of the machinery and disables power. Interlocked Guards Limitations: • Can bypass the system. • Person may gain access by closing the guard around them. • Needs rule to be enforced. Adjustable and Self-Adjusting Guards Used when it is not possible to prevent access to dangerous parts. Adjustable guard: • Set manually to a range of positions by the operator. Self-adjusting guard: • Usually spring-loaded to adjust itself to the workpiece. • Requires no adjustment by the operator. Sensitive Protective Equipment (Trip Devices) • Not a physical barrier. • Use sensors to detect presence of operator and stop the machine. • They include: ‒ Pressure mats. ‒ Trip bars. ‒ Photoelectric devices. • Limitations? Two-Hand Controls Designed to protect the operator's hands: • Controls should be more than a hand span apart. • Must activate at the same time. • Releasing controls must stop the machine immediately. • Limitations? Emergency Stop Controls • Should bring the machine to a safe stop as quickly as possible. • Machine can only be restarted using the reset button. • Release of the button should not restart the machine. • Limitations? Protective Appliances Designed to keep operators’ hands away from danger. Include: • Push-sticks. • Jigs. • Clamps. Specific Machinery Examples – Hazards and Control Measures Manufacturing and maintenance machinery: • Bench-top grinder. • Pedestal drill. Agricultural and horticultural machinery: • Cylinder mower. • Strimmer or brush-cutter. • Chainsaw. Retail machinery: • Compactor. Construction machinery: • Cement mixer. • Bench-mounted circular saw. Group Exercise Choose one of the ‘specific machines’ and outline: • The hazards (mechanical and nonmechanical). • Control measures. Requirements for Guards and Safety Devices • Meets relevant standards. • Strong and robust. • Compatible with machine operation. • Not easy to defeat. • Allows vision. • Allows ventilation. • Easy to maintain. • Designed to allow for maintenance. • Does not increase overall risk.
