OTHM Unit 3.pptx

UNIT 3 RISK AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT  Learning outcomes Analyzing Risk Assessment Process Identify the requirements for any measuring and monitoring equipments including any calibration arrangements for OH&S Management system processes Analyzing and understanding correct Incident Investigation an...

UNIT 3 RISK AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT  Learning outcomes Analyzing Risk Assessment Process Identify the requirements for any measuring and monitoring equipments including any calibration arrangements for OH&S Management system processes Analyzing and understanding correct Incident Investigation and Reporting Investigate the root causes for the non conformances/ incidents and suggest corrective actions STEPS OF CONDUCTING RISK • ASSESSMENT Identify hazards - The first step is to identify the hazards. A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm. There may be one hazard or multiple hazards involved with a task or activity. You don't have to identify every possible hazard, but you should aim to identify any significant hazards. These are things which could result in harm to people. Hazards can be identified by reviewing the activity, and the working environment. • Evaluate the risks - For each hazard, you need to be clear about who might be harmed. This might be workers carrying out the activity, visitors, or even members of the public if you are working on or adjacent to public areas. We should look at the likelihood and possible severity of harm occurring. The higher the risk, the more of a priority controlling that risk should be. • Decide on control measures to implement - If control measures are not in place that need to be, then work shouldn't start or continue until those risks have been controlled. Put in place actions and controls to reduce the risk as much as is reasonably practicable, to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. • Document your findings - Once you have completed the first 3 steps, it's time to record your significant findings. This is a legal requirement if you have 5 or more employees. • Review your assessment and update if necessary - Finally, make sure you review your assessment and update if necessary. Things can change over time, review and revision may be necessary when conditions change or based on feedback from the team completing the activity. RISK EVLAUATION How to use a Risk Matrix? •A risk matrix is often used during a risk assessment to measure the level of risk by considering the consequence/ severity and likelihood of injury to a worker after being exposed to a hazard. The two measures can then help determine the overall risk rating of the hazard. Two key questions to ask when using a risk matrix should be: •Consequences: How bad would the most severe injury be if exposed to the hazard? •Likelihood: How likely is the person to be injured if exposed to the hazard? •The most common types are the 3×3 risk matrix, 4×4 risk matrix, and 5X5 risk matrix Likelihood Consequences Fatality(4) Major Injuries(3) Minor Injuries(2) Negligible Injuries(1) Very Likely(4) Likely(3) High High Highly Unlikely(2 Unlikely(1 ) ) High Medium High High Medium Medium High Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Low Low How to Assess Consequences? Presuming that a hazard and injury is inevitable, and we are only concerned with its severity. It is common to group the injury severity and consequence into the following four categories: • Fatality - Death • Major or serious injury - Disability • Minor injury - Medical treatment Case • Negligible injuries - First Aid How to Assess Likelihood? It is common to group the likelihood of a hazard causing worker injury into the following four categories: • Very likely – exposed to hazard continuously. • Likely – exposed to hazard occasionally. • Unlikely – could happen but only rarely. • Highly unlikely – could happen, but probably never will. Risk Assessment (RA) Reasons for review of RA What is residual risk? What is ALARP and how we use it What is reasonably practicable Social political and cultural influences on ra OH&S risk assessment and strategic direction of the organization Factors that influence risk tolerability or acceptability Risk Assessment (RA) Principle of RA Objectives of carrying out RA Who should carry out RA Criteria for an effective RA Process of risk assessment Improvement What is correction What is corrective action What is preventive action in OHS Mgt system Quiz USING A SINGLE EXAMPLE OF ANY NONCONFORMITY, DIFFERENTIATE BETWEER CORRECTION, CORRECTIVE ACTION AND PREVENTIVE ACTION Sources of information Internal to the organization Incident records Hazards identification records Risk assessments Medical records Safety training records Employees’ competence records Inspections and audit reports Safety meeting records Management reviews Absence due to sickness or ill health records etc. Sources of information External to the organization Material safety data sheets (MSDS) Machine maintenance instructions by OEM (original equipment manufacturer) National and international legislations Customers’ or other stake holders' requirements related to health and safety Safety magazine and guidance documents Product labels Regulatory body websites e.g. HSE in UK and OSHA in US Research thesis by industry and academia collaboration etc. Planning for workplace Inspections Why plan workplace inspections Considerations for planning - the frequency of inspections - the type of inspections - competent inspection staff - resources by top management - inspection criteria - responsibilities and authorities - the performance indicators Investigating Incidents Role and function - ISO standards requirement - Applicable legal requirements (if any) - Financial loss assessment - Safety culture improvement - Improve the trend of incident reporting - Continual improvement of OHS management system - Identify the trends and patterns - Document the facts for future reference - To identify the training needs Quiz EXPLAIN HOW INCIDENT INVESTIGATION CAN INFLUENCE SAFETY CULTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION. GIVE EXAMPLES Investigation prerequisites Who to decide for investigation? The responsibilities for carrying out investigation. Incident site preservation First aid and medical treatment to injured (if any) Witness volunteers or not The facts and data reliability Quiz EXPLAIN WHY SOME WITNESS WILL NOT COME FORWARD TO PRESENT FACTS ABOUT INCIDENTS? Investigation Procedure Gather factual information Information scrutiny and analysis Identify the causes of incident Suggest control measures Principles of good interviewing from witnesses Build a rapport Relevant questions only Elaborate and explain Remember incident perspective only. Open ended questions Patience Human psychology. interviewer silence can elicit information Remain neutral Understanding for closed questions Thanking witness and get a written signed statement Quiz OUTLINE FACTORS WHICH MAY OFFEND A WITNESS? Contents of an effective Investigation Reports Date, time and location of the incident Details of any injuries, ill health or damages Description of the incident The supported documents Identification of the situations and practices which resulted into the incident Contents of an effective Investigation Reports The information about any monitoring equipment Reference to any procedure Investigation findings Causes of the incidents Estimation of the loss Suggested control measures Quiz IS IT MANDATORY FOR TOP MANAGEMENT TO COMPLY WITH THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF INVESTIGATION REPORT? IF NOT EXPLAIN WHY Incident Recording & Reporting Procedure Well documented and communicated Understood by the employees Forms and documents are available at point of use Implementation through awareness, training, supervision, inspections and audits Measuring effectiveness of the procedure Quiz OUTLINE WHY AN INCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM MAY BECOME INEFFECTIVE? Quiz OUTLINE FACTORS WHICH CAN INFLUENCE IF INVESTIGATION TO BE CARRIED OUT OR NOT SUBSEQUENT TO AN INCIDENT REPORTING FORM HAS BEEN RECEIVED? Incident Causation Theories  Heinrich's Domino Theory What does the theory say? How can this theory help in preventing incidents  Heinrich’s Dominos – the Process A personal injury (the final domino) occurs only as a result of an accident. An accident occurs only as a result of a personal or mechanical hazard. Personal and mechanical hazards exist only through the fault of careless persons or poorly designed or improperly maintained equipment. Faults of persons are inherited or acquired as a result of their social environment or acquired by ancestry. The environment is where and how a person was raised and educated.  Heinrich’s Domino Theory – Critical Issues Significance of the factor preceding the accident Accidents and the proximate causes of those accidents. Incidents should be the point of attack  Heinrich’s (The three “Es”) - engineering - education - enforcement Domino Theory – Corrective Action Sequence  Multi Causal Theory What does the theory say? Series of events vs multi causes What is 5 why approach and why it is used Quiz GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF USING 5 WHY APPROACH TO IDENTIFY THE ROOT CAUSE OF AN INCIDENT AT WORKPLACE  System theory of accident causation What does the theory say? Three components: - person (host) - machine (agency) - environment.