OT 320 Midterm Study Guide-2 full.docx

Dr. Pola Ham Spring 2024 OT 320- Midterm Study Guide The midterm will be held on campus in a computer lab, room 566, on Thursday, 3/14 via the Respondus Lockdown Browser during class time from 1:30-2:30 pm. Please do not be late since another class may need to use the computer lab right after. Occup...

Dr. Pola Ham Spring 2024 OT 320- Midterm Study Guide The midterm will be held on campus in a computer lab, room 566, on Thursday, 3/14 via the Respondus Lockdown Browser during class time from 1:30-2:30 pm. Please do not be late since another class may need to use the computer lab right after. Occupational Science-understand practice,nature,relationship b/w occupations, scientific base,evidence Occupational science opens up new ways to explore the complexities of human engagement in occupations. Which method have occupational scientists typically used to understand the experienced aspects of occupation- We can study and come to understand experiential aspects of occupation through ideas, which occupational scientists have typically accessed by asking individuals about their lived experiences of doing things Systematizing is what type of process that transforms scientific understanding into practice knowledge?- Systematized occupational science knowledge is beginning to guide OT practice at all levels, from individual health to population health approaches. It is a translational process—translating findings from basic science into applied practice knowledge. Occupation science is rooted in basic science that builds on knowledge about the substrates, form, function, and what additional factor? The meaning of an occupation includes its significance at a personal level as well as how it is viewed by different groups in society. In the translational science research process, emphasis is now given to collaborating with communities that experience the problem or issue being studied, so that which outcome can be achieved? The interventions developed make sense to them and address problems they consider important. Framework 4: same concepts, justice,injustice,identify,time use, satisfaction,engagement,performance Justice-affordable to others for social inclusion and resources Injustice- no opportunities for the residence to be active the activities Identify- gender,occupational identify-activities, self identity-perceive self,social identity-sense of who you are based on group membership? Time use-how the person use their time, b/w occupation and activities Satisfaction; from occupations, time of studying,balance Engagement- biological need for occupations-survival(cook) Performance- habits,routines,roles,rituals,(patterns), skills-motor,process and social interaction skills OTPF-IV P. 7 (Exhibit 1. Aspects of the Occupational Therapy Domain) Know the categories and subcategories for the Domain of OT ‘OTPF-IV’ lecture slides (and associated readings) Values: therapeutic occupations Therapeutic relationship Advocating for scientific practice WHO- world health organization such as ICF- classification,disabilities function, renewed every five years. Divided into major sections Domain-knowledge based (OCPPC Occupations-ADL, IADL(instrumental), health management, rest and sleep, education,work,leisure,rest,play,social participation Client factors- values,respect beliefs,-respect others the way you want to be respected spirituality, Body functions-internal, sensory skills, Body structures- physical body. clients include-person groups,populations Performance skills-observable, demonstrated these skills motor skills process skills social interaction skills Performance patterns- habits(ask), routines(address), rituals(symbolic), roles( in life, meaningful) context environmental-external,room,laptop personal factors-client demographics Process- what are we doing? Evaluation- Occupational profile- what they want to do, history, perspec, demo, values Analysis- Ot- observation of the client, what they are good and need help with, range of motion,assessment Synthesis- review all the info, make goals, in collaboration with client, 2) Intervention-treatment plan (occupations and activities,intervention to support, education and training, advocacy,group intervention, virtual interventions. 3) Outcomes- hope to achieve( quality of life,participation,role competence,well being,justice,prevention,occupational performance) Activity and OT demands: Relevance and importance to client Objects and their properties Space demand-light,noise,humid Social demands-interaction,demonstrated problematic behavior Sequencing and timing-doing in order,spend adequate time-clue about motor,cognitive,sensory issues Required actions and performance skills- adjusting tone or voice Required body functions and structure-move their body Approach to intervention: create/promote-prevent falls establish/restore- morning routine-did not have it before, restore-get it back Maintaining- preserve the ability,practicing, Modify- compensation-do some other ways, adaptation-adjust Prevent-barriers, ideas,cushion,walk around more All Areas of Occupations and the subcategories he spil war-health management, education, work, adl, rest and sleep, social participation,leisure and play. ADLs- take care of own body bath/showering,dressing,feeding-plate to mouth,functional mobility-stand to sit, personal hygiene and grooming, sexual activity,toileting/hygiene-bowel,swallowing/eating iADLs- living independently, support life within home and community, more complex,optional care of others, child rearing, financial, shopping-make list(cognition),pick items,use phone, meal prep, Religious, safety/emergency-,communication-interpret call,understand,keyboard, Driving, care of pets Health management- awareness, appropriately doing what they are supposed to Social-talk to friends/family Medications physical activity Personal care-contraceptive,glucometer Rest and sleep- rest- sleeping,mediation, Sleep preparation-PJ,brush,eat food,turn off lights,setting alarm clock Sleep participation-do not think about anything,stay sleep Prepare environment-turn off lights,curtains Educations: Formal education-sota,schooling Informal personal educations-what they want to learn,interest, new language Informal educational participation-dancing Work Find jobs Employment seeking Job performance-keep job Retirement prep- Volunteer- activities,explore diff. Volunteer participation- actions,going to the place Play: motivating intrinsically In the moment and no end goals, play exploration and play participation Leisure-end goals-intrinsically motivating Degree of planning and ends results Hobbies Social participation Community Family Friendships Peer group participation Intimate partner relationship Clinical Reasoning Cycle, goes beyond basic protocols of diagnostics/reasoning,interactive,interprofessional contexts, skill develops with clinical practice. Process: Client and referral information-for ot eval., profile,Ot meets with client) needs,problem,concerns) Clinical hypothesis-guides to to initial data gathering, make assumption Data collection, problem solving and hypothesis evaluation(client needs are meet) Test and refine hypothesis-demands,performance skills,meanings of activities, client centered occupations, hypothesis adjusted as clinically necessary Appraise the evidence- current science and application of it with hypotheses related to the client. Types of reasonings Scientific reasoning- nature of illness, common impairments, ? use applied logical and scientific methods-hypo,pattern,theories,stat Diagnostics reasoning: scientific, Focus:personal info,impersonal info,therapist explains client’s problems with a blend. What factors contribute to the problems? How its relates to diagnosis Narrative reasoning: under their life,accident,trouble walking Pragmatic reasoning- Who is paying for the services? What family resources exist to support the intervention? Procedural reasoning- what eval and intervention protocols are applicable to the person? Ethical reasoning- which one better and less risk, risk vs.benefits, prioritize, client centered Interactive reasoning:(way you interact) collaboration, empathetic,encouraging, best relate to the client, trust? Conditional reasoning:diff types of reasoning, how the therapy options will play out based on the patient's backgrounds,culture? Collaborative reasoning- key individual, making decision together Interprofessional collaborative practice: Occupational Profile- differ in differ. setting. summary client Approach client centered- meaningful to the client Data collection-formal and informal Collect info: chart review,therapeutic relationship,one or more sessions? formal and informal interview, non verbal (call guardians),support system,translation services? Information to collect Reason for services What barriers and successful are impacted History? Any barriers and success? Values, interests? Contexts- supporting and inhibited Performance Patterns-habits Client factors-active symptoms, Priorities and outcomes they want to target? info about client,experiences,patterns of daily living,interest,contexts Client outcomes OT eval and treatment Hypothesis: Review all data(strengths,and needs),hypo created,hypo may need to be revised analysis From info obtained in profile Occupation and contexts-? Activity analysis identifies?assessment occupational history experiences interests values needs personal contexts Values, Beliefs, Spirituality Values- principles,standard,qualities, not past experiences, applied to many experiences Ex: hard work,quality,fairness courage, Beliefs- true regardless of factual,empirical evidence,related to past experiences, state of mind, Ex: belief that peace promotes happiness, hardwork will pay off. Lying is bad Spirituality- human seek and express meaning and purpose,way of experiencing their moment,self,nature and sacred(connection),difficult to integrate Ex: meditation,visualization,prayer All Body Functions NO body structures I will not ask you to match which subcategory falls under which main body function, but you will still need to understand the definitions/meanings for all the individual body functions mental functions: specific and global Specific mental functions: High level functions; judgment,concept form,metacog,praxis,cognitve flexibility,insight. judgment-exploring diff options concept formation-organize information Metacognition-aware of own thought process executive functions-goal oriented behaviors,(planning party) Praxis-ability to carry our sequential movements(motor) with correct time and transition Cognitive flexibility- changing strategies when encountering problems Insight- understanding of someone situation Attention: Sustained attention-keeping attention for long time Selective attention-particular point divided attention-two tasks at the same time Shifting attention-alternating attention, for a short time, shifts to another task,one thing at a time. Memory: Short term- 30 seconds working memory-short term Long term memory- sensory info stays for a long time, over and over again, encoding-retrieve the info again Perception: Discrimination of sensations: Auditory-hear and able to differentiate b/w Tactile-differentiate b/w diff textures, shapes, Visual- perceives and interpret diff object, ex: bathroom or door) Olfactory- distinguished smell Gustatory-taste, sweet or sour salty Vestibular- balance center, position of body and space, stimulated by head changes.receptor in inner ear. Proprioceptive-ability parts are held or moving ad which directions Thoughts: Control and content of thought- control thinking Awareness of reality- real vs. fake Logical and coherent- thoughts make sense when explained Sequencing complex movement: Regulate speed-time and movement, timing is correct,shaking legs, mentally, response Emotional: regulate and range emotion,appropriateness of emotions Experiencing self and time: appropriateness of emotions,body image and self concept-perceives yourself. 2) Global mental functions: Consciousness- awareness,alertness,clarity,wakeful arousal-how aware are they? Orientation- orientation self(name), place,time and to others(nursing home,city,time,location) Temperament and personality: extroversion(outgoing), introversion(focused on self),agreeable-easily pleased, conscientiousness-right or wrong, emotional stability-calm, slef composed,openness to experience Self expression- express oneself feeling and emotions Confidence- believe in one self, challenging Motivation- internal incentive to behave certain ways Self control and impulse control- resist urges from early ages Appetite- longing for food, touch,drives us toward actions Energy and drive: Motivation, impulse and APPETITE (SAME AS ABOVE) SLEEP- PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS- DISENGAGEMENT FROM PHYSICAL AND MENTAL BODY FUNCTION: sensory Visual functions- detect light,contrast and color Visual acuity- detect form, near and far, objects, shapes Visua; stability- environment or objects as stable even though our eyes rapidly Visual field- awareness of environment, looking ahead Hearing functions: detect and differentiate,location and distance sound Vestibular- position- inner ear helps, position of head Balance- upright position while standing,sitting or moving Secure movement- allow to move against gravity Taste functions: Bitterness,sweetness,sourness,saltiness Smell: sensing odor and smell Proprioceptive- aware of body position and space Touch- feeling touched,various textures Pain: Localized-one specific area of body Generalized-nonspecific area,larger area Temperature and pressure- Thermal awareness-hot or cold sensation???? Sense of force applied to the skin-how tightly you are grasped Neuromusculoskeletal Muscle function: Power: strength- force which body part must move requires the functions of muscle power Muscle tone: degree of tension: natural tension that’s present in muscles when at rest. High tone-very rigid,hard to move Low tone- flappy, no muscle contraction Endurance: sustaining muscle: needed when contraction of a muscle must be maintained for a prolonged period of time. Motor reflexes:involuntary, automatically induced by stretching Involuntary movement: natural reactions that protect us and allow us to restore our bodies to a natural upright position. Control of voluntary movement: eye hand AND EYE FOOT COORDINATE: Ability to coordinate info that you see with eyes to control hands or feet. Bilateral integration: when both sides of the body,arms or legs are used to cpl tasks. Midline: Imaginary line that runs through the center of the body. Fine motor: use smaller muscles of hands,fingers,thumb Gross motor control: larger muscles, shoulder,elbow,wrist movements,coordinate with movements Oculomotor: saccades-move one eye part to another(reading),keeping still, pursuits- follow moving objects,accomodation- near vs.far, changes object distances(driving), binocularity- both eyes working properly (do not need to know the terms) Gait patterns: movement in walk OT: Ability to walk or participate their occupations Body functions: CVS functions: Blood pressure: amount of pressure exerted by blood on the walls of veins and arteries. Heart rate and rhythm: maintain it to deliver the appropriate amount of blood and oxygen to the body. (oxygen,CO2, wastes throughout the body) Hematological system: blood forming to tissues of the body, required for bruising or injury Certified lymphedema therapy-106 hours, get it if you want it—money????? Rate of respiration: processing moving air in and out. 12-20 breaths/min Inspiration:in and expiration: out of lungs Depth of respiration: volume inhaled and exhaled Physical endurance,stamina and aerobic capacity: Endurance- continuous action of heart and lungs Voice and speech functions: produce noise by sending air through the larynx Rhythm and fluency: to be understood by others when speaking,need tempo and motion and specific words. Alternative vocalizations functions: yelling,singing,humming Digestive system: foods to move though body to be absorbed and break down Metabolic system: use food to convert to energy,carbs,protein and fats Endocrine system: hormone levels, growth and metabolic hormones, mood,development,metabolism,controls, appetite and reproduction Urinary functions: release urine, control(continence) Genital and reproductive functions: procreate birth,self care activities Skin functions: protection from physical,chemical,biological elements, (sun, wind) Repair: healing skin, activities Hair and nails: grooming, self care, grasping smaller objects Performance Skills-abilities through actions,learned and improved over time, observable, supported by body functions and structures. ex: scrambling skills. motor skills-observed as the person interacts, moves objects and self around the environment. objects and properties influence skills. positioning-aligns,stabilizes,positions obtaining and holding objects-reaches,bends(trunk),grips,manipulate,coordinate types of grips: cylindrical-all fingers Pincer grip- index and tip Spherical grip Lateral: key Tripod grip-pencil Hook grip: except thumb moving self and objects-coordinate,moves,lift,walks,transport,calibrates,flows ex: walking,carry,bent,turned,used force sustaining performances- endures, paces process skills- observable, require mental functions as well Select,interact,use task tools,material, planning and managing steps, modifies performance when encountering problems. Ex: sustain performance, apply knowledge, organizing timing, space,objects, adapting performance social interaction-observed, social exchange, reliant on the social demands for that activity initiate/terminate.etc. Professional Writing APA 7th ed. act of dishonesty-cheating,fabricating,plagiarism,tampering,lying,facilitate and toleration act of dishonesty plagiarism- unauthorized use of materials w/o acknowledging, happens when poor citation. intentional plagiarism: copy or purchase from the internet, whether or not it has been published. unintentional plagiarism: incorrectly paraphrasing,using source from website,no citation self plagiarism: mislead readers into thinking the work is new. avoid self plagiarism-proper citation,date of submission on your original works, so refer back. honesty; exact word- quotes, block indentation with citation.page number recognize and differentiate b/w intentional, failure to cite. avoid dishonesty: communicate,organize, time management, 7th apa ed. publication manual: levels,citation,references,w/n paragraph- block more than 40 words, bias free,table,figures, publication process Patterns of Occupations/Performance Patterns performance patterns are acquired, shaped by culture, it can hinder or support occupational performance. Habits- specific , automatic behaviors, performed repeatedly Useful-organize time and resources Dominating-interfere with optimal performance(addiction, unhealthy snacks, it can create stress) impoverished-difficult to learn new useful habits(forgetting to brush their teeth) Routines:Sequencing and combining-processes, procedures and multiple steps, structure and flow. Helpful Damaging-drinking, dangers to children if they are going to pick the child up from school. Roles- can be disrupted,changed and ended(student, daughter) Normative models for behavior Shaped by culture and society Dynamic-changes, multiple Sense of purpose,identity,structure Rituals- symbolism, reflect culture,religious(meditation Occupational balance- occupations are satisfied Life balance- patterns of daily activities./satisfaction Life imbalance- occupations are not portrayed with satisfaction. Risk for health problems. Context broad construct- that are environment and personal factors. interrelated conditions within and surroundings Environment- physical, social and attitudinal surroundings. Ex: natural,garden,human made, population,flora-plants and fauna-animals, climate,light,time related changes,sound and vibration,air quality. Product and tech- food, drugs,assistive devices, equipment,etc.communicate-devices,edu-textbooks, indoor and outdoor-pool,asset for economic exchange,virtual environment-cell,zoom Support and relationships: 1. immediate-mom,dad, Attitudes- observable values- birthday, trust with doctor, discrimination-gender(under 21-no bar or girls) Services, systems, and policies-designed to meet the needs of the people, government, noise level, curfew personal factors: life, living,not health or health state Age, sexual,gender,race,cultural,social background,upbringing,habits,individual, profession,lifestyle, health conditions( treated for anxiety back then-do not persists anymore) Cultural Competence ability to communicate effectively with those differ from oneself, having cultural awareness, attitudes, and cultural skills. OT concerned about diversity and client centered. Culturally responsive caring- being open to build or understand client culture Cultural emergent: symbolic aspects of culture and identity come via interactions. Cultural congruence- how one health professionals think and act in ways that fit with others. culture: total way of living,values,beliefs,geographical, status.etc… Race: are physically, arbitrary-random, not natural, skin color does not define it. social Haney Lopez(1994)- Social construction, black,white,asian, latino are social groups not genetically Relethford: race as human mind, not nature These distinctions separated people. racism: Social problem affecting OT profession Systematic institutionalized racism in the US impacts access to education. Leads to limitations in multicultural workforce Health disparities ethnicity: Social grouping of people who share cultural or national similarities Common characteristics: food,celebration,norms,skinship,family relationships, clothing. Culture and ethnicity are not interchangeable Culture: learned behaviors prejudice: preconceived notions,attitudes,negatives without full knowledge. Due to threat,aversive( disliked),competition(scare resources),hierarchy(status) stereotypes: One generalization to the entire group. Exaggerated image. (IT=lack of social skills, elderly=grumpy ethnocentrism: Put their own group as the center and see things from their own cultural background. discrimination: Access to certain things is not available. Prejudice is related to one's thoughts, beliefs, then discrimination actions to demonstrate them. Structural discrimination- housing, government, systemic issues, employment client centered care Every client is unique Respect for each individual Understand client condition through their POV Every client brings own cultural lens OTPF 4: Cultural identification Context impacts occupational choice AOTA official document on nondiscrimination and inclusion Recognize multicultural society cultural impacts on occupations Occupational choice: Determined by values,interests,beliefs,social situation,gender,age,sexual, physical cognitive and emotional abilities. Occupational performance: not a choice, how one performs the tasks. Beliefs about health, well beings and illness Biomedical model-physiological,psychological,biological Gender and family Gender- roles,behaviors and expectations Family structures- cannot understand w/o structure Collectivist vs. individualistic Individualistic- rights,each is viewed as a different entity. collectivist- More value on the family rather than one individual. Use of touch Touch-determine by culture High touch vs. low touch- determine by culture Use of space Space-proxemics-measurable distance b/w people Sample Midterm Exam Questions Effectively pinching or grasping task objects such that the objects do not slip (e.g., from the person’s fingers) is an example of what type of motor skill? Aligns Stabilizes Grips Uses Completing a reading assignment for school is an example of which area of occupation? Activity of Daily Living Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Education Work Following a nighttime sequence to brush your teeth, wash your face, and change into your pajamas is an example of which type of performance pattern? Habit Ritual Role Routine Adapting an activity to help a person with a physical impairment complete a self-care routine is an example of which approach to intervention? Modify Create/promote Establish/restore Maintain A universal access apartment building would be categorized as what type of environmental factor? Human-made changes to the environment Support and relationships Attitudes Which is not a component of performance skills? Motor Procedural Social Body functions fall under which domain of OT? Client factors Context Performance skills Occupations (The answers are on the next page so don’t look unless you are ready to view them!) ☺ ANSWERS C C D A A B A exhibits 1- aspects of occupational therapy domain. occupational science(textbook)-just one question