Orientation to the Human Body (Part III) MEDI-101 Fall 2024 PDF

Orientation to the human body (Part III) MEDI-101 Fall 2024 Dr Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc, Ph.D, Assistant Professor  Learning Objectives 1. Define anatomy and physiology....

Orientation to the human body (Part III) MEDI-101 Fall 2024 Dr Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc, Ph.D, Assistant Professor  Learning Objectives 1. Define anatomy and physiology. 2. Describe the different branches of anatomy and physiology. 3. Describe the Levels of Structural Organization in the human body. 4. List and Describe body systems. 5. Understand the basic life processes. 6. Explain the homeostasis process. 7. Understand the feedback control of homeostasis. 8. Understand the basic anatomical terminologies. 9. Describe Positions, names, planes. 10.Describe body cavities and their contents. 11.Describe abdominal regions and their contents.  The Language of Anatomy  Scientists and health-care professionals use a common language of special terms when referring to body structures and their functions.  The language of anatomy they use has precisely defined meanings that allow us to communicate clearly and precisely.  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for:  Position  Direction  Regions  Structures  Body Positions Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference called the anatomical position. Terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel, and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. Two terms describe a reclining body. If the body is lying facedown, it is in the prone position. If the body is lying faceup, it is in the supine position. Regional Terms  Directional Terms To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific directional terms, words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.  Body Planes and Sections  Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes  Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another  Frontal  Transverse  Sagittal  Oblique  Sections A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts Body Cavities Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera  Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes A membrane is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures. One example is a slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior called a serous membrane It covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen. The parts of a serous membrane are 1. the parietal layer, a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities. 2. the visceral layer, a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities. Between the two layers is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid). The fluid allows the viscera to slide during movements, such as when the lungs inflate and deflate during breathing.  Serous Membranes The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the pleura. The visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm. In between is the pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid  Serous Membranes The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium. The visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart; the parietal pericardium lines the chest wall. Between them is the pericardial cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.  Serous Membranes  The peritoneum is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.  The visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera, and the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.  Between them is the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.  Most abdominal organs are surrounded by the peritoneum.  Some are not surrounded by the peritoneum; instead, they are posterior to it.  Such organs are said to be retroperitoneal.  The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are retroperitoneal.  Other body cavities 1. the oral (mouth) cavity, which contains the tongue and teeth. 2. the nasal cavity in the nose. 3. the orbital cavities (orbits), which contain the eyeballs. 4. the middle ear cavities (middle ears), which contain small bones. 5. the synovial cavities, which are found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid.  The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ)  Learning Objectives 1. Define anatomy and physiology. 2. Describe the different branches of anatomy and physiology. 3. Describe the Levels of Structural Organization in the human body. 4. List and Describe body systems. 5. Understand the basic life processes. 6. Explain the homeostasis process. 7. Understand the feedback control of homeostasis. 8. Understand the basic anatomical terminologies. 9. Describe Positions, names, planes. 10.Describe body cavities and their contents. 11.Describe abdominal regions and their contents. Thank you