Organization and Skin Study Guide Key (PDF)
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The University of Alabama Capstone College of Nursing
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Summary
This document provides a study guide on the Chemistry of Life, covering subatomic particles, reactions (decomposition, catabolism, synthesis, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis), bonds (ionic, covalent, hydrogen), and organic compounds. It also explains concepts like bases, acids, and electrolytes.
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## Chemistry of Life ### Subatomic Particles - **Electron:** orbital, negative - **Proton:** nucleus, positive - **Neutron:** nucleus, neutral ### Reactivity - The subatomic particle that determines reactivity is the **electron**. ### Most Abundant Compound in the Body - **Water** (H<sub>2</su...
## Chemistry of Life ### Subatomic Particles - **Electron:** orbital, negative - **Proton:** nucleus, positive - **Neutron:** nucleus, neutral ### Reactivity - The subatomic particle that determines reactivity is the **electron**. ### Most Abundant Compound in the Body - **Water** (H<sub>2</sub>O) ### Reactions - **Decomposition:** breaks down - Example: 2H<sub>2</sub>O -> 2H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> - **Catabolism:** one type of decomposition reaction - Example: ATP to ADP + P; proteins to amino acids; glycogen to glucose - Energy is **released**. - **Synthesis:** makes - Example: Amino acids build proteins; glucose builds glycogen - Energy is **used/absorbed**. - **Dehydration Synthesis:** removes water to form a bond. - Another word for this reaction is **anabolic synthesis**. - Example: Amino acids build proteins; glucose builds glycogen - **Hydrolysis:** adds water back in to break a bond. - Another word for this reaction is **catabolic decomposition**. - Example: proteins to amino acids; glycogen to glucose ### Bonds - **Ionic Bond:** formed between charged particles (ions) that have lost or gained electrons. - **Covalent Bond:** formed when atoms share electrons. - **Hydrogen Bond:** An intermolecular attraction between a negative atom in one molecule to a hydrogen in another. ### Electrolytes - A substance that conducts a current because there are ions present. ### Bases - High pH - OH- ions - Bitter ### Acids - Low pH - H+ ions - Sour - Proton donor ### Bases in the Body - Semen - Blood (slightly) ### Acids in the Body - Gastric juice (hydrochloric acid in stomach) - Lactic acid - Vaginal fluid - Sweat ### pH of Living Cells - 7.35 to 7.45 ### Buffers - A substance that minimizes pH change by donating or accepting H+ ions. - **Bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>)** is an example of a buffer ion. ### Organic Compounds - Two components: **hydrogen and carbon**. ### Monomers - Monomer of a lipid: **fatty acids and glycerol** - Monomer of a carbohydrate: **monosaccharide** - Monomer of a nucleic acid: **nucleotides** - Monomer of a protein: **amino acid** ### Carbohydrates - Stored in the liver and muscles in the form of **glycogen**. ### Nucleotides - Composed of **sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base**. ### Proteins - Serve as structures for tissue and act as enzymes. - **Denatured** if H+ bonds between proteins are broken. ### Enzymes - **Temperature increase**: speeds reaction, particles move more quickly - **Temperature increase (extreme)**: denatures - **Temperature decrease**: slows reaction, particles move more slowly ### Microvilli - Increase surface area of absorption. ### Plasma Membrane - Allow or block passage of materials. ### Organelles - **Golgi Apparatus**: assembles and packages proteins to be secreted by the cell. - **Smooth ER**: synthesizes lipids and detoxifies. - **Centrioles**: form mitotic spindle.
