Organic Compounds and Alkanes PDF

Organic compounds and alkanes  How to approach Unit 4 Functional groups- Different types or categories of Organic molecules For each functional group we care about properties, nomenclature and reactions chapter Functional groups material 11 Alkan...

Organic compounds and alkanes  How to approach Unit 4 Functional groups- Different types or categories of Organic molecules For each functional group we care about properties, nomenclature and reactions chapter Functional groups material 11 Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes Properties, nomenclature, reactions 12 Alcohols, thiols, ethers, aldehydes Properties, nomenclature, reactions ketones 14 Carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides Properties, nomenclature, reactions First= alkanes properties and nomenclature Second = the rest of the functional groups properties and nomenclature Third= ALL reactions  Organic Compounds Compounds that contain C and H and sometimes O,S,N,P or a halogen Number of bonds that are TYPICALLY seen for elements in organic compounds Element # of bonds typically seen Carbon 4 Nitrogen 3 Oxygen 2 Sulfur 2 Hydrogen 1 Halogens 1  Organic vs Inorganic compounds Organic Inorganic C,H sometimes N,O, S, halogens Entire periodic table Many atoms in structure usually few atoms/ions in structure Usually covalent Usually ionic Usually nonpolar Usually polar Not usually soluble in water Usually soluble in water Usually low melting and boiling points Usually high melting and boiling points Very flammable Not usually flammable Prefixes used in organic nomenclature prefix # of carbons meth 1 eth 2 prop 3 but 4 pent 5 hex 6 hept 7 oct 8 non 9 dec 10  Alkanes Only C,H All carbon-carbon single bonds C-C Non polar Not water soluble Often used as fuels Ending used for alkanes is “ane”  Branched alkanes Branched Alkanes--where all of the carbons are not connected in a continuous chain…….instead some carbons exist in branch(es) Need to name the molecule such that size and location of the branches are accurately described ---yl is the ending used to describe branches Numbers are used to describe branch locations with respect to carbon chain. Prefixes (di-2, tri-3, tetra -4) are used to describe multiple branches of the same size Branches of different sizes are named in alphabetical order The longest continuous carbon chain does not have to be written horizontally !  Cycloalkanes Alkanes that form a continuous cycle Cyclo added to name Geometric shapes are sometimes used to represent these  Isomers Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. Because they have different structures, they have different physical properties (mp, bp, density etc) and different chemical properties (how they react) Isomers of C5H12