Oral Communication PDF

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING  Loading- It is to understand the meaning of a received information in your own language.  FEEDBAC...

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING  Loading- It is to understand the meaning of a received information in your own language.  FEEDBACK- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver after receiving the message.  CONTEXT- refers to the environment where communi- cation takes place  BARRIER- the factors that affect the flow of communi- cation. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Communication is a process. 2. Communication is a two-way process. It occurs be- tween two or more people (the speaker and the receiv- er). It is reciprocal in nature. 3. Communication can be expressed through written or MEANING OF COMMUNICATION spoken words (verbal), actions (nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.  Is a PROCESS of sharing and conveying messages or 4. Communication is deeply intertwined with the human information from one person to another within and existence. It is an integral part of it. across channels, contexts, media, and cultures 5. The end goal of any communication activity is under- (McCornack, 2014). standing.  Is a PROCESS that involves transfer of information MODELS OF COMMUNICATION from sender to the receiver through a channel.  Communication is the act or process of using words,  Linear Communication Models sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange 1. Lasswell’s Model information or ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to some- 2. Aristotle’s Model one else. 3. Berlo’s SMCR Model  It is a two-way process through which two or more per- sons come to exchange ideas and achieve common  Transactional Model understanding. 1. Barlund’s Model 2. Shannon & Weaver Model NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 1. Communication is a process.  Interactive Model 2. Communication occurs between two or more people. 1. Schramm’s Model 3. Communication can be expressed through words, ac- 2. White’s Model tion or time. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION  Lasswell's communication model was developed by theo- ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION rist Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell's mod- el of communication (also known as action model or linear  SPEAKER/SENDER- the source or communicator or model or one way model of communication) is regarded as sender of information or message. one the most influential communication models.  MESSAGE- the information, ideas, or thoughts con- veyed by the speaker in words (whether written or spo- ken) or in actions (gestures or symbols).  ENCODING- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands.  CHANNEL- the medium or the means, such as person- al or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed or transmitted.  RECEIVER- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.  DECODING- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.  There is no concept of feedback, it is one way from  Concept of noise helps in making the communication speaker to audience. effective by removing the noise or problem causing  There is no of communication failure noise and barri- noise. ers.  This model takes communication as a two way pro-  This model can only be used in public speaking. cess. It makes the model applicable in general commu- nication.  Communication is taken as quantifiable in Shannon Weaver model.  In 1960, David Berlo postulated Sender-Message- Channel-Receiver Berlo's (SMCR) Model of Com- munication from Shannon Weaver's Model of Com- munication (1949). He described factors affecting  Dean Barnlund proposed a transactional model of the individual components in the communication mak- communication in 1970 for basic interpersonal ing the communication more efficient. This model also communication which articulates that sending and re- focuses on encoding and decoding which happens be- ceiving of messages happens simultaneously between fore sender sends the message and before receiver people which is popularly known as Barlund's Transac- receives the message respectively. tional Model of Communication. The model has been  There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not further adapted and reformed by other theorists as considered. General Transactional Model. The model shifted from  There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in the trend of linear model to dynamic and two way com- communication. munication model.  It is a linear model of communication, there is no two way communication.  Both of the people must be similar according to all the factors mentioned above.  An example of Interactive model is that of Wilbur Schramm, who is considered the Father of Mass Com- munication. He came up with five models, but the Schramm Model in (1995) we are concerned with is the  The second model is that of Claude Shannon and War- concept that explains why communication breakdown ren Weaver (1948) which gave us the concept of occurs. Schramm asserts that communication can take "NOISE". This is often called Telephone Model be- place if and only if there is an overlap between the cause it is based on the experience of having the mes- Field of Experience of the Speaker and the Field of sage interfered with by "noise" from the telephone Experience of the Listener. switchboard back in 1940s.  Circular communication gives opportunity to both par- ties to give their opinion.  As it is dynamic and ever changing model, it is helpful in general practice.  Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally active.  Semantic noise included as a concept helps in under- standing problems that can occur during interpretation of message.  The Westley and Maclean communication mod- el suggests that the communication process does not start with the source/sender, but rather with environmental factors. This model also takes into account the object of the orientation (background, cul- ture, and beliefs) of the sender and the receiver of messages.