Oral Communication Midterm PDF

ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 Function, Nature and Process of 2. Receiver - the person who decodes the Communication message. 3. Message - key element that is...

ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 Function, Nature and Process of 2. Receiver - the person who decodes the Communication message. 3. Message - key element that is What is Communication? transmitted in communication. (Heart of - can be defined as the process of the communication, key element, the transmitiing information and vital part) common understanding from one 4. Channel - also called the medium. The person to another (Keyton, 2011) pathway through which the message - It is from the Latin language. travels in order to reach its destination. 'Communis' and communicare' are two (tools/medium, orally or written) Latin words related to the word 5. Feedback - return process of communication. Communis is a noun communication which completes the word, which means common, or loop of communication sharing. Similarly, communicare is a 6. Barrier/Noise - also called interference. verb, which means 'make something (hindrance) common'. 2 Categories: Internal and External - Communication is a sum of all things Internal- means what we feel or our attitude. one person does when he wants to External- noise that comes from outside. create understanding in the kinds of 7. Communicative Situation/Context - another. It is a bridge of meaning. It known as situation, setting, or involves a systematic and environment. continuous process of telling, 8. Encoding -to convey, to convert a listening and understanding. Allen body of information from one system of Louis (2015) communication into another. - Thus communication is a bridge of 9. Decoding - to recognize/interpret meaning with mutual understanding between two parties involved. BASIC MODEL OF COMMUNICATION How is our communication in this new normal? Research study says as a result, emotional perception decreases and the role of the upper face in emotional expression increases in significance. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 1. process 2. two way 3. expressed through words/actions COMMUNICATION 4. systematic 1. Verbal > Oral & Written > Formal / 5. interactive Informal 6. transactional Verbal Communications is a form of communication in which you use ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION words to interchange the information PROCESS with other people in the form of 1. Sender - the person who encodes the speech or writing. message. 1 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 2. Nonverbal > Chronemics, Paralanguage, Haptics, Kinesics, Proxemics, Artifacts, Oculesics Nonverbal communication does not use words for communicating anything but some other modes are used, i.e. where communication takes place by the way of unspoken or unwritten messages such as body language, facial expressions, signals or symbols and so forth. - Chronemics: the use of time, time perceptions among cultures, and punctuality, willingness to wait, and in VERBAL MAKES UP OF 35% and interactions. NONVERBAL ranges to 65%. - Haptics: sense of touch, direct and VARIOUS MODELS OF COMMUNICATION intimate way, emotional type of Basically, functions of communication communication includes: inform - Kinesics: body movements and persuade gestures, physical movements express control/regulate - Paralanguage: nonverbal quality of interact speech, involves voice variation, MODELS OF COMMUNICATION pitch, volume, rate and tone CLASSIFICATION 1. linear (one-way) - Proxemics: the use of space in 2. interactive (two-way) communication, distance may vary 3. transactional (circular) based on cultural norms, type of relationship existing between the THE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION parties. 1. Lasswell - (one-way) - Oculesics: the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze and eye relayed nonverbal communication, culture-bound. - Artifacts: the appearance, refers to the dress, grooming, and jewelry worn, Harold Dwight Lasswell - an American hairstyle and make up. political scientist who states that a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to WRAP UP: answer the following questions. - It focuses on 5 W's. Who? says What? In which channel? To whom? With what effect? - It can be agreeable or disagreeable to the audience. 2 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 as possible, the sender and the receiver must 2. Aristotle - (one-way) share some common ground. COMMONALITY - sharing common interests, sharing the same ground. 4. Shanon Weaver - (one-way) More focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication. - 5 elements: speaker-speech-occasion-audience-e ffect - Aristotle advises speakers to build speeches for different audiences of This model is more technological than other different times (occasions) and for linear models. Also, it is information-centered different effects. rather than meaning-centered. (telephonic - Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability communication) to persuade an audience is based on - The 'mother of all models' of human (how well the speaker appeals to that communication. audience in three different areas: - Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver logos, ethos, pathos. Considered - The main purpose of the speaker is to together, these appeals form what later give information. rhetoricians have called the rhetorical - Queen Elizabeth died on September 8, triangle. 2022, a phone call was immediately placed from her private secretary, Sir (logos - logic and reasoning, ethos - Edward Young, to British Prime credibility and ethics and pathos - feelings Minister Liz Truss. When Truss picked and emotions) up the phone. Young uttered one sentence to her. He said “London 3. Berlo - (one-way) Bridge is down”. That was the code. - Norbert Wiener created the feedback step to address criticism of the model that it was linear or one-way communication. 5. Schramm’s Model of Communication (two-way or interactive) - Sender - Message - Channel - Receiver - Sender and receiver must share the same common ground - David Berlo The model consists of four components that are each influenced by different factors. To ensure the message is conveyed as effectively 3 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 the factors that influence why the message is created in the first place. A = Sender the person who sends the message. B = Receiver the person who receives the message. C = Gatekeeper the editor of the message, such as newspaper, editor, common in mass communication F = Feedback the return messages sent back to the sender. These can help shape future messages. According to Schramm’s model, coding and X1= Sensory Experience decoding are the two essential processes. The ways we receive messages, which also Whenever the information reaches the shape the content of our future messages. recipient, it becomes his/her responsibility to X2 = Object of Orientation (Sender) give feedback and let him/her know if he/she The beliefs, culture and background of the has downloaded the message in exactly the sender which influence the sender’s message. same manner the speaker wanted. X3 = Object of Orientation (Receiver) - Wilbur Schramm The beliefs, culture, and background of the - relates to Berlo in terms of commonality receiver which influence the receiver’s interpretation. 6. The Westley and Maclean (interactive communication) 7. Barlund’s Transactional Model (Circular-Transactional) - Bruce Westley and Malcom S. Barnlund’s Transactional Model is a MacLean Jr. multi-layered feedback system. This is a - This model considers a strong relation continuous process where sender and receiver between responses and the process of interchange their places and both are equally communication. important. The message passing takes place - Communication begins only when a with constant feedback being provided from person receives from their both parties. A feedback for one is the surroundings. message for the other. - Each receiver responds to the message they receive based on the object of Dean Barlund orientation. - Communication describes a process of X = Environmental factors meaning. 4 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 - His model articulates the sending and Blaring motorcycle horns receiving of messages happen simultaneously between people. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS Public cues (environmental cues), Trauma Private cues (person’s personal Shyness thoughts and background), and Depression Behavioral cues (person’s behavior, that Fear can be verbal and nonverbal). Stage Fright Phobia According to Levine Tatkin, “Mindful Mental Noise communication is all about being more Unmotivated conscious about the way you interact with the Information overload other person daily. It is about being more present when the other person is PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS communicating to you.” body pains toothache WRAP UP: feeling ill headache growling stomach speech defects and language impairment ear infection CULTURAL BARRIERS different beliefs traditions/customs manners of dressing religious views VARIOUS STRATEGIES TO AVOID gender COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN A communication breakdown is defined as a LANGUAGE/LINGUISTIC BARRIERS failure to exchange information, resulting in different languages a lack of communication. Hence, barriers to different dialects and accents communication are present. use of jargons and slang The state of miscommunication: New survey 5 WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION finds communication gaps across organizations BREAKDOWN According to onrec.com, 55.7% in a survey Have clarity of thought before found that miscommunication is more likely to speaking - logical thoughts occur in group conversations. The study Learn to listen - listen=silent concluded that the number one source of Take care of your body language and miscommunication during team meetings is tone - nonverbal cues individuals interpreting messages and goals Build up confidence by asking for differently. feedback and observing others - feedback and critique matters PHYSICAL BARRIERS Communicate Face to Face On the People talking too loud Important Issues - face your problem, Noise from a construction site not facebook them. Loud sound of a karaoke THE 7C’s OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 5 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender. Concreteness - It helps to increase the credibility of the speaker and reduce negative impact to the audience. Conciseness - It is expressed in the least possible number of words and straight to the point. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMMUNICATIVE CONTEXT? Context is one of the basic components of human communication. It refers to the setting in Professors Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) which communication is taking place. list the 7Cs of Effective Communication Completeness - It should convey all facts COMMUNICATIVE CONTEXT - required by the audience so the listener or Communicative scenarios, situations, audience will be able to grasp the intended settings, samples message. COMMUNICATION indicates: Concreteness - It must include real-life how people use language for examples and situations. In this case, the different purposes and receiver is more connected to the message how language is affected by different employed. time, place, and situation Consideration - It implies “stepping into the PRIMARY REASON FOR COMMUNICATION shoes of others”. Effective communication must interact/for building better take into account the viewpoints, background, relationships first mindset, education level of the audience. control, inform, motivate, express comes second Conciseness - It is keeping the message short, but making it direct. 5 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Clearness - It implies the use of simple and REGULATION/CONTROL - being able to use specific words to express ideas. language, gestures, and emotions to manage individual or group activities Courtesy - It implies the message should show Example: a parent telling the child not to the sender’s expression as well as should misbehave, a policeman directing pedestrians respect the receiver. The sender of the not to jaywalk but cross the line. message should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic. Correctness - It implies that there are no grammatical errors in communication. Courtesy - It implies good choice of words and language considering the audience’s 6 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - speaker’s SOCIAL INTERACTION - most familiar and appeal to listener’s feelings and emotions to primary reason for communication; encourage him/her to act in a particular initiating/building/sustaining relationships, direction. The receiver of the message can’t transactions/exchanges, accomplishments of help but move to do something goals, opportunities for getting to know the Examples: devastation after typhoon Odette person. people affected by COVID-19 pandemic. TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT MOTIVATION - persuasive purpose in order to change a person’s opinion, attitude, or What is speech context? behavior, moves listener away from his/her own Speech context - It is the level of position towards speaker’s position communication (number of participants Example: convincing friends to go to mall after involved) we need to use in certain situations. school 1. Intrapersonal - is a communicator’s internal use of language or thought. It is occuring in the mind of the individual. 2. Interpersonal - refers to the people who happen to have interdependence with each other and establish relationships among INFORMATION - making others aware of them. certain data, concepts , and processes Dyadic Communication - occurs knowledge that is useful to people between two people Examples: knowing about COVID-19 virus It is classified into two: details for school graduation. 1. Informal communication - casual conversation 2. Formal communication - interview and structured dialogue 7 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 Small Group - involves at least three speaker. The introductory speech usually has but not more than twelve people three components: provide a brief backdrop or engaging in a face to face interaction. background of the main speaker, introduce the 3. Public Communication speaker’s topic and an invitation from the - is a sender who talks to a large group of audience to warmly welcome the speaker. people such as those in a conference, meeting or assembly. The sender is 2. Toast physically present with the audience. A toast is a brief tribute to a person or event. - However, interaction is limited and responses could be reduced in 3. Roast nonverbal cues. A roast is a variation of the toast in which the 4. Mass Communication speaker pays tribute to a person by poking fun - refers to the sender, like public at her or him in a friendly way. communication, adresses a large group. The speaker talks to a large audience 4. Speech to Present an Award simultaneously through technology use Presentational Speech, Also called a speech to such as computers, TV, radio, present an award, the presentational speech magazine, newspaper, and internet. serves to highlight the merits of the award TYPES OF SPEECH (PURPOSE) recipient and to point out the purpose and significance of the award being given. 1. INFORMATIVE SPEECH The main goal of an informative speech is to 5. Acceptance Speech provide enlightenment regarding a specific Also called the speech to accept an award, the topic the audience knows nothing about and to acceptance speech gives the recipient an educate. explain report describe clarify opportunity to express appreciation for the define. award as well as humility and grace. 2. PERSUASIVE SPEECH 6. Keynote Address It is designed to convince or influence beliefs or The keynote address represents the keynote of attitudes. CONVINCE, INSPIRE, ACTION a larger idea taking place at a conference or exposition usually organized around a central 3. ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH theme. It uses humor to influence an audience. TO WARM UP AUDIENCE 7. Commencement Speech The commencement speech is given by a well 4. SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES known person of local, national, or international A special occasion speech includes one of acclaim to mark a university or secondary several kinds that celebrate an occasion. More school graduation ceremony. specifically, it might introduce a speaker, entertain an audience, or inspire people. 8. Commemorative Speeches and Another term for special occasion speech is Tributes ceremonial speech. A commemorative or tribute speech is one that pays special accolades to an occasion, TYPES OF SPEECH FOR SPECIAL extraordinary person, event, idea, or OCCASION monument. Such a speech is intended to reflect the emotions of the audience. 1. Speech of Introduction A speech of introduction is a brief presentation TYPES OF SPEECH (DELIVERY) used to introduce the main speaker of an event Manuscript Speech and to inspire the audience to listen to that Memorized Speech 8 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 Extemporaneous Speech humorous Impromptu Speech reminiscent cautionary 4 HELPFUL METHODS UNDER STRUCTURE: INVERTED PYRAMID INTRO-BODY-CONCLUSION What is a hypothetical question? A hypothetical question is one based on supposition, not facts. They are typically P.R.E.P used to elicit opinions and beliefs about imagined situations or conditions that don’t exist. SPEECH STYLE This refers to the distinctive manner in terms of our choice of words and the nonverbal gestures. 1. INTIMATE private communication reserved for close family members, or intimate people Ex. husband and wife, boyfriend and F.A.T. girlfriend, siblings, and parent and children 2. CASUAL informal language used by peers and friends. uses slang, vulgarities and colloquialism group language Ex. buddies, chats, emails, blogs, letters 3. CONSULTATIVE semi-formal and with societal expectations professional discourse Ex. superior and subordinate, doctor and Anecdotes can be presented in an endless patient, lawyer number of forms. Below are several typical types of anecdotes according to 4. FORMAL literaryterms.net. used informal settings 9 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 one-way in nature - social function (request, refuse, language follows a commonly accepted complain, beg) format impersonal and formal PERLOCUTIONARY ACT Ex. sermons, speeches, pronouncements - Is the effect produced in the listener or made by judges, announcements reader when they listen or read a locutionary act. 5. FROZEN rarely or never changes Remember: “frozen” in time and content (relatively static) In colloquial language use, we don’t really most formal mean what we say. In these cases the Ex. The Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s listener/reader must infer our illocutionary acts Prayer, the Preamble, laws, since the meaning is not directly expressed in our message. The philosopher Searle (1981) established a classification which is useful for intention- what one intends to do or bring about inferring the illocutionary force or value of an utterance - the action of saying or utterance in a given discourse. expressing something aloud Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts have 5 TYPES OF SPEECH ACT points identified by John Searle: To speak is to act 1 ASSERTIVE Everytime a speaker utters a sentence, 2.DIRECTIVE he is attempting to accomplish 3.COMMISSIVE something with the words; specifically, 4.EXPRESSIVE he intends to have some effect on the 5..DECLARATIVE listener and wants the listener to recognize this intention. 1. ASSERTIVE utterances intended to tell you how things are A SPEECH ACT is a functional unit of in the world. And, are either true or false. communication. It is an act that the speaker These refer to statements, descriptions, performs when he makes an utterance. classifications, explanations, and clarifications. e.g. The Philippines need to improve more in Austin (1962) and Searle (1981) established Information and Communications Technology. that whenever we say something, three simultaneous acts are performed: 2. DIRECTIVES designed to get the listener to act in some LOCUTIONARY ACT way. These are reprimands, instructions, is the act of saying or writing something orders, requests, warnings. e.g. Do not text in a language while driving. I dare you to eat that entire bowl It is the actual words spoken of coco crunch - literal linguistic meaning - literal force of the act 3. COMMISSIVES statements which compel the speaker to act ILLOCUTIONARY ACT on something like making promises, pledges, Is the intention we have when saying or vows, guarantees. writing something. e.g. I will be here. I’ll pick you up at 8PM. the FORCE of the word - utterance that considers intonations and 4. EXPRESSIVES stresses let speakers convey attitude or psychological state. These are apologies, condolences, 10 ORAL COMMUNICATION (QUARTER 1) | SEM 1 2023 congratulations, greetings, thanks. e.g. I miss you so much. I’m sorry to hear about your Mom’s illness. 5. DECLARATIVES ❖ utterances that change the world by representing it as being so changed. The speaker must have contextual privileges. These are baptizing, declaring war, christening, firing from employment. e.g. I now pronounce you husband and wife. PERFORMATIVES These utterances said by the right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world. In other words, these are utterances that intend to have an effect. 11