Oral Drug Delivery PDF

ORAL DRUG DELIVERY HISTORY: The use of oral drug delivery systems can be traced back to ancient times, when plant extracts and other natural substances were ingested to treat various ailments. The modern era of oral drug delivery systems began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the devel...

ORAL DRUG DELIVERY HISTORY: The use of oral drug delivery systems can be traced back to ancient times, when plant extracts and other natural substances were ingested to treat various ailments. The modern era of oral drug delivery systems began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the development of tablets and capsules, In 1884. Compressed tablets were introduced as a convenient and standardized way to deliver medicine. This was followed by the invention of gelatin capsules in 1833, which allowed for the administration of powders and liquids in a more palatable and convenient form. In the mid-20th century, sustained-release and enteric-coated formulations were developed to provide prolonged or targeted drug delivery, respectively. INTRODUCTION: Oral medication is the most common form of drug administration because of advantages such as convenience of drug administration via the oral route, patient preference, cost-effectiveness. Ease of large-scale manufacturing of oral dosage forms. Around 60% of established small-molecule drug products available commercially are administered via the oral route. Current estimates indicate that oral formulations represent about 90% of the global market share of all pharmaceutical formulations intended for human use. Around 84% of the best-selling pharmaceutical products are orally administered and are currently valued at $35 billion, with an annual growth rate of 10%. Oral Drug Delivery System: Digestive Tract: Solid: Tablet, Capsule, Lozenges,Chewable Tablet, Powder,Granules Liquid: Solution, Suspension,Emulsion Buccal, Sublingual: Solid: Oral Disintegrating Tablet(ODT), Oral Thin Film(OTF), Sublingual Drug Liquid: Mouth Wash, Throat Paints, Gargles, Oral Spray. Respiratory Tract: Solid: Dry Powder Inhaler(DPI) Liquid: Anesthetic Vaporizer,Nebulizer, Metered-dose inhaler(MDI) Gases: Oxygen Mask, Oxygen Concentrator, Anesthetic Machine ADVANTAGES OF ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: Duration of action may extend into post treatment period. Requires only minimal training. Oral route less objectionable than parenteral. Drug reactions are generally less severe. Drugs readily available by prescription. Simple and convenient to use. DISADVENTAGES OF ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: Patient noncompliance. Slow Absorption delayed onset of action. Not suitable for emergencies. May cause Nausea and Vomiting. Not useful in extremely apprehensive patients. Level of sedation can't be altered. Erratic absorption makes response unpredictable. FACTORS AFFECTING ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: Physicochemical properties of the drug. pH and digestive enzymes. Drug- drug interactions. Food and beverage intake. Dosage form. Genetic factors. Patient compliance. Disease state. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: Stability. Bioavailability. Permeability. Solubility. Targeting. Controlled release. Non-toxicity. Ease of administration. Cost – effectiveness. Mechanism of oral drugs delivery system: The mechanism of oral drug delivery system involves several steps, Including disintegration of the dosage form, dissolution of the drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, absorption across the Gl membrane, and metabolism and elimination of the drug by the body. Mechanism of oral drugs delivery system: Disintegration Dissolution Absorption Metabolism and elimination Patented formulation of oral drugs delivery system: SR.NO Patent No Contents 1 EP2001450 Orally disintegrating tablets dissolve very fast, (2008) have optimal mechanical strength and disintegrate within 60 sec. 2 WO2006123364 Oral drug delivery system is in the form of a (2006) coated tablet, which includes after a predetermined delay the coating is reliably removed fully or partially from one or more of the tablet surfaces and controlled drug release. 3 WO2007001448 Coated controlled release polymer particles (2007) encapsulate the active agent and a mucoadhesive coating disposed about the core. 4 WO2008075448 A chitosan coating solution is so safe that it is (2008) capable of oral administration in the fields of foods and medicine. 5 US2008293787 Solid dispersions of poorly soluble compounds (2008) formed by co-precipitation resulted in improved stability. Marketed formulations of oral drug delivery systems: There are many marketed formulations of oral drug delivery systems available for various therapeutic indications. Here are a few examples: 1. Extended-release tablets and capsules: Examples include OxyContin (oxycodone), RitalinLA(methylphenidate), and Glucophage XR (metformin). 2. Oral disintegrating tablets: Examples include Zofran ODT(ondansetron) and Claritin Reditabs (loratadine). 3. Liquids and suspensions: Examples include Amoxicillin Oral Suspension and Dimetapp Elixir. 4. Chewable tablets: Examples include Tums (calcium carbonate)and Children's Tylenol Chewable(acetaminophen). 5. Orally disintegrating films: Examples include Suboxone Film(buprenorphine and naloxone) and Zuplenz (ondansetron) Solid dosage forms: Capsules: Are a solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed within a hard or soft gelatin shell Example : Feroglobin capsules (iron supplements) Lozenges: Are hard, oval, solid dosage forms with a drug contained in a flavored sugar base. They are dissolved in the mouth and generally have local therapeutic effects. Example: Sore Throat lozenges Powders: Are finely ground mixtures of dry drugs and inactive ingredients that can be used topically or internally Granules: are larger than powders and are wetted, allowed to dry, and ground into coarse, irregularly shaped pieces. Liquid dosage forms: Liquid dosage forms contain one or more active ingredients in a liquid vehicle such as: Solution Suspension Emulsion The drug may be dissolved in the vehicle or suspended as very fine particles. They are often less stable than medications in solid dosage forms Solution : is homogenous mixture of one or more dissolve medications in a liquid vehicle Example: Paracetamol syrup (fevadol)  Suspension: is a mixture of undissolved, very fine, solid particles distributed through a liquid. Example: Amoxicillin suspension. Emulsion: Is a type of semi-solid dosage form.It is a mixture of two substances that are unbendable. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion contains a small amount of oil dispersed in water. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion contains a small amount of water dispersed in oil Example: castor oil emulsion as laxative Sublingual/ Buccal Drug Delivery System: Sublingual (under the tongue) and Buccal (between the check and gum) routes of administration are used when a rapid onset of action is needed. The medication is absorbed directly by the blood vessels under the tongue or in the lining of the mouth which provide fast action and Bypasses first-pass effect. Example of sublingual tablet: Nitroglycerine (Anti-AnginaI) Example of Buccal tablet : fentanyl buccal tablets (Narcotic) Future aspects of oral drug Delivery system: 1. Nanotechnology: The use of nanoparticles to deliver drugs orally could enhance drug bioavailability and efficacy. Nanoparticles can protect drugs from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and improve their absorption. 2. Smart drug delivery systems: Smart drug delivery systems are designed to respond to specific stimuli, such as changes in pH or temperature, to release drugs at the desired location. These systems could improve drug targeting and reduce side effects. 3. 3D printing: 3D printing technology could revolutionize the manufacture of personalized oral drug delivery systems. Patients could receive tailored dosages and formulations that are specific to their individual needs. 4. Biodegradable materials: The use of biodegradable materials in oral drug delivery systems could reduce environmental impact and improve safety. 5. Microbial-based delivery systems: Microbial-based delivery systems, such as probiotics, could be used to deliver drugs orally. Probiotics can survive the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and could potentially improve drug delivery to the gut microbiome. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, oral drug delivery systems are an important part of modern medicine, allowing for safe and effective delivery of drugs to patients. They have several advantages over other routes of administration, including convenience, ease of use, and improved patient compliance. Over the years, there have been several advancements in the field of oral drug delivery systems,including the development of novel drug formulations and the use of innovative drug delivery technologies. These developments could lead to further improvements in drug efficacy, safety, and patient outcomes.