ORAL COM REVIEWER.pdf
Transcript
LESSON ONE: DEFENITION OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTION, NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION - Process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, context, media, and cultures. (McCornack, 2014) FORMS OF COMM...
LESSON ONE: DEFENITION OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTION, NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION - Process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, context, media, and cultures. (McCornack, 2014) FORMS OF COMMUNICATION WRITTEN - Letter, SMS, E-mails, Text Messages, Road Sign, Billboard Sign SPOKEN LANGUAGE - Oval Tract ACTIONS - Gestures, Postures, Facial Expressions, Sign Languages CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION - Involves sending and receiving messages through different channels. - Both sender and receiver have active parts in communication. - It is a two-way process. - Involves encoding, transmission, and decoding. ENCODING - Turning thoughts into communication. TRANSMISSION - Sending communication using a medium. DECODING - Turning communication into thoughts. VERBAL - Oral - Written NON-VERBAL - Body Language - Para Language - Space and Time - Sign Language ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION - Source - Channel - Message - Receiver - Feedback SOURCE - Source of messages, information, ideas and emotions. MESSAGE - Contains information, ideas, opinions, thoughts or emotions. ENCODING - Process of converting the messages into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. CHANNEL - Medium or the means of communication that is used to deliver the message. DECODING - Process of interpreting the encoded messages of the speaker by the receiver. RECEIVER - Recipient of the message or the intended audience of the sender or speaker. FEEDBACK - Refers to the reaction, or the information provided by the receiver. CONTEXT - Environment where communication takes place. BARRIER - Factors that affect the flow of communication physical, psychological, and physiological. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION CONTROL AND REGULATION - Communication functions to control behavior. SOCIAL INTERACTION - Allows people to interact with others. MOTIVATION - Persuades or encourages another person to change their opinion, attitude, and behavior. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - Facilitates people’s expression of their feelings such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotions. INFORMATION DISSIMINATION - Functions to convey information, can be used in giving and getting information, BREAKDOWN IN COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION IS LIKE AN ICEBERG - FACTUAL = 10% - RELATIONSHIP LEVEL = 90% COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN/BARRIER - Happens when the message is not clearly understood by the receiver. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION - Means you are able to listen, understand, and take action on what other people say. FOUR CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION BARRIERS PHYSICAL BARRIERS - The natural or environmental condition that acts as barrier in communication whenever we are sending messages. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS - They are mental barriers that refer to the social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others. CULTURAL BARRIERS - Problems encountered by people due to their values, beliefs and traditions which are in conflict with others. LINGUISTIC BARRIERS - Words and delivery of statements have different meanings. VERDERBER (1991) - External, Internal, and Semantic Noise EXTERNAL NOISE - Sound, sight and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away from the intended meaning. (PHYSICAL BARRIERS) INTERNAL NOISE - Thoughts and feelings that interfere meaning. (PSYCHOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS) SEMANTIC NOISE - (LINGUISTIC NOISE) STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION CULTURAL - Refers to the way a person responds in a communication situation affected by personal norms and traditions. PHYSICAL - Environmental and natural that acts as a barrier in communication in sending message from sender to receiver. PSYCHOLOGICAL - The influence of psychological state of the communicators which creates an obstacle for effective communication. LINGUISTIC - Arises due to differences in languages, words, meaning or pronunciation THE 7C’S. (BROOM, CUTLIP, AND CENTER 2012 IN THEIR BOOK EFFECTIVE PUBLIC RELATION) FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION COMPLETENESS - Communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for them to respond, react or evaluate properly. CONCISENESS - Does not mean keeping the message short, but making it straight to the point. CONSIDERATION - The speaker should always consider relevant information about their receiver such as moods, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs among others. CONCRETENESS - Concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. COURTESY - Respecting the values, culture, and beliefs of the receivers. CLEARNESS - Simple and specific words to express ideas. CORRECTNESS - Eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message. VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Refers to an interaction in which words are used to rely a message. APPROPRIATENESS - Language should be appropriate to the environment or occasion whether formal or informal. BREVITY - Simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible. CLARITY - Clearly state your message and express your ideas and feelings. ETHICS - Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, etc. VIVIDNESS - Vividly or creatively describes things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication. NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - Happens when individuals interact, negotiate and create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting – Toomey, 1991) - Requires both the knowledge (understanding different cultures and customs) and the skills (performance). (Padilla, et al, 2016) - Sending and receiving messages across languages and cultures. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 6 STAGES BY BENNETT AND BENNETT (2004) DENIAL - The individuals do not recognize cultural differences. DEFENSE - The individuals start to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for new one. MINIMIZATION - They bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences. ACCEPTANCE - Begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values. ADAPTATION - Very open to world when accepting new perspectives. INTEGRATION - Go beyond their own cultures and see themselves in their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoint. CULTURE - Refers to all characteristics common to a particular group of people that are learned and not given by nature. AGE - Bias in an undergrounded opinion for or against person because of the actual or perceived sociocultural dimensions of a person’s self. GENDER - Gender Differences, Roles and Stereotypes. SOCIAL STATUS - Social position of a person in a group, organization or society. RELIGION - No person should be a subject to discrimination based on their religious belief or lack thereof. - WAYS ON DETERMINING TRUTH - A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. - A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts. - Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief. - Statements can also be true through actions. - DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION - Conclusion is a statement based on a certain fact. - Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. - Explanations are statements claiming to be true and provides reasons to make the statements true. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FALLACY AND BIAS - Arguments are series of statements that provide explanations to convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful. - set of statements that you use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about something is true. TYPES OF ARGUMENTS - Fallacy or Fake argument (maling pangangatuwiran) – are group of statements that appear to be arguments to support the conclusion. - Bias – refers tendencies or influences which affect the views of the people TYPE OF FALLACY - Argumentum Ad hominem (Argument against the Person) - Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. - Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force) - Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument. - Argumentum ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Emotion) - It is by using emotions such as pity or sympathy, one might be able to convince the person. - Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to Popular or Bandwagon) - The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it. TYPE OF BIAS - Correspondence bias or attribute effect - You judge a person’s personality based on the actions, and never mind the extrinsic (panlabas na dahilan) factor. - Confirmation bias - Tendency to look for a readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views that go against it. - Framing - Do not only settled in one issue of the problem and then you do not mind the other aspects. Judging an incidence without looking at the other side. - Hindsight - The phenomena which occur has a pattern and can be predicted, such is usually based in historical evidence. DEBATE - Debate is a form of structured communication and discussion in which two or more people express and defend their opinions on a specific topic. - During a debate, participants present arguments, evidence, and reasoning to support their viewpoints, and respond to the arguments. - Debates often take place between two proposition sides, the affirmative side (supports the motion) and negative side (disagree with the motion)
