OPTOM 105 - Midterm 1 LOs.docx

**Define the microbiome** **PART 1** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Microbiome:** All microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) and their genomes that inhabit the human body (in/on surface) - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 2. **Alterations of Microbiome lead to disease:** -...

**Define the microbiome** **PART 1** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Microbiome:** All microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) and their genomes that inhabit the human body (in/on surface) - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 2. **Alterations of Microbiome lead to disease:** - - 3. **Sterilization =** physical procedure that kills ALL microbial forms, including spores **Disinfection =** physical procedure or chemical agent that kills most microbial forms, except spores and other resistant organisms **Antisepsis =** chemical agent that is used to eliminate microbes on the skin or other living tissue 4. **Levels of Disinfection** - - - - - - - - - 5. **Sterilization** (instruments that access the bloodstream) - - - - - - - - - - - - **Antisepsis:** (reduce microbes on skin) - - - - - - - - - - - **PART 2** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. **Microscope techniques** - - - - - 2. **Culture media:** - - **Types of cultures:** - - - 3. **Protein detection:** enable detection of antibodies or antigens - - **Nucleic acid detection:** provide definitive evidence for presence of organisms - - - **Antibody/antigen detection:** (serological tests, highly specific for a particular organism) - - - **PART 3** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Barriers of the innate response:** Skin and mucous - **Soluble components of the innate response:** - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - 2. **Chemotaxis =** cellular migration in response to a chemical stimulus - - - **Phagocytosis:** phagocytes ingest other cells or particles - - 3. **MHC I** = *self-determination* - - - - **MHC II** = *foreign antigen determination* - - - 4. **TH1:** activates cellular and antibody response - - - - - **TH2:** mediates antibody response - - - - - - 5. **Immunoglobulin classes:** - - - - - **PART 4** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. **Interferons =** first line of defense against viral infection - - - - - - - 2. **Immune responses** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. **Evading immune response:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **PART 5** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Passive immunization:** involves injection of antibodies from a person who has immunity - - **Active immunization:** involves antigen challenge (exposure) and vaccines - - 2. **Inactivated vaccines:** use large amounts of antigens to produce protective antibody response without risk of infection - - - - - - - - - **Live vaccines:** prepared with microbes that have limited ability to cause disease (avirulent) - - - - - - - 3. **Wild-type viruses are attenuated by:** - - - 4. **Capuslar agents require conjugation:** - - - - 5. **Properties of a microbe ideal for vaccine development:** - - - - - - **PART 6** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. - - - 2. **Exotoxins:** - - - **Endotoxins:** - - - - **Superantigens:** - - - 3. **Mechanisms bacteria use to escape host defences:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **PART 7** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. **Mechanism of action:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. **Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:** - - - - - - 3. **Antimicrobial susceptibility testing:** detects for drug-resistant organisms and guides drug choice for infection treatment. - - - - - - - - -