Operating-System.pdf

Operating System -set of software that manages the communication between all other applications and hardware. It turns a computer into something more than just several metal parts, namely, a complex system that can perform different tasks effectively. Operating System Functions -controls the communi...

Operating System -set of software that manages the communication between all other applications and hardware. It turns a computer into something more than just several metal parts, namely, a complex system that can perform different tasks effectively. Operating System Functions -controls the communication between the computer software and hardware. An OS can give programs restricted access to processor units, memory, hard drives, network, peripherals, and other resources. -you can run a browser, a media player, and ten other applications, and your OS is the one that allocates all the resources the applications need to run properly. At the same time, an OS acts as a fair referee and doesn't allow any application to use more resources than it actually needs. Following are the major applications of an operating system −  An operating system is accountable for the formation and deletion of files and directories.  An operating system manages the process of deletion, suspension, resumption, and synchronization.  An operating system manages memory space by allocation and de-allocation.  An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects the existing files.  Further, an operating system manages all the components and devices of the computers system including modems, printers, plotters, etc.  In case, if any device fails, the operating system detects and notify.  An operating system protects from destruction as well as from unauthorized use.  An operating system facilitates the interface to user and hardware.  Operating System Implementation The operating system needs to be implemented after it is designed. Earlier they were written in assembly language but now higher level languages are used. The first system not written in assembly language was the Master Control Program (MCP) for Burroughs Computers. DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM 1. DOS (disk operating system) The DOS (Disk Operating System) is the old and single user Operating System in the computer. Though it is not used by many people at present, it is better to study DOS with a view to understand how the files are created, maintained and copied in the computer. As this operating system is mainly deals. It is an operating system that runs from a disk drive. The term can also refer to a particular family of disk operating systems, most commonly MS-DOS, an acronym for Microsoft DOS. DOS is also used to describe several similar command-line disk operating systems. Early computers, such as the Commodore 64, Atari 800 and Apple II, all featured a disk operating system, including Commodore Business Machines DOS, Atari DOS and Apple DOS, respectively. DOS/360 was an OS for IBM mainframes, which first appeared in 1966, but it is unrelated to the 8086-based DOS of the 1980s. Functions of DOS (Disk Operating System) 1. It takes commands from the keyboard and interprets them. 2. It shows all the files in the system. 3. It creates new files and allots space for programme. 4. It changes the name of a file in place of old name. 5. It copies information in a floppy drive and hard disk. 6. It helps in locating a file. 7. It searchers where the file is located in the disk. 8. If we want the information in the file to be printed, it gives printout of the information. 9. It hides the files and directories so as not to be seen by others. 10. It permanently removes the file. Features of DOS The primitive operating system of DOS has the following features: 1. It is the primary system where the user will get an environment about the input and output devices, e.g. Monitor, Keyboard, Printers etc. viz. DOS provides features essential to control hardware devices such as Keyboard, Screen, Disk Devices, Printers, Modems and programs. 2. It is helpful in performing file management e.g., creating, editing, deleting files etc. 3. It is a single user operating system. One user can operate at one time in this operating system. 4. It is Character Based interface system. We can type letters (or characters in this operating system). DOS translate the command issued of the user in the format that is understood by the computer to execute it, also error message in the format for the user to understand. 2. Windows Operating System Windows Operating System (OS) is a graphical user interface (GUI) based operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is designed to provide users with a user-friendly interface to interact with their computers. The first version of the Windows Operating System was introduced in 1985, and since then, it has undergone many updates and upgrades. Windows Operating System is compatible with a wide range of hardware and software applications, making it a popular choice for both personal and business computing. It has a built-in security system to protect the computer from malware and viruses and provides a comprehensive file management system that makes it easy for users to organize and access their files. Windows  Operating System also allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously, making it easy to work on multiple tasks at the same time. Features of Windows Operating System Here are some features of the Windows Operating System: 1. Control Panel: The control Panel is a centralized location within Windows where users can manage various system settings, including security and privacy, display, hardware and sound, and programs. It provides users with access to a range of tools and settings, making it easy to customize the Windows experience. 2. Internet Browser: An Internet Browser is a software application that allows users to access and browse the Internet. Windows provides a built-in internet browser called Microsoft Edge, which includes features such as tabbed browsing, search suggestions, and web notes. 3. File Explorer: File Explorer is a file management tool that allows users to browse, open, and manage files and folders on their computers. It provides a user-friendly interface for users to view and manage files and includes features such as search, copy, move, and delete. 4. Taskbar: Taskbar is a horizontal bar that appears at the bottom of the Windows desktop. It provides quick access to frequently used applications and displays open windows and programs. The taskbar also includes system icons such as volume, network, and battery status. 5. Microsoft Paint: Microsoft Paint is a graphics editing software that allows users to create and edit images. It provides users with basic drawing tools such as a pencil, brush, and eraser, and allows users to add shapes, text, and images to their designs. 6. Start Menu: Start Menu is a menu that appears when users click the Start button on the Windows taskbar. It provides access to frequently used applications, settings, and files, and includes a search bar that allows users to quickly find files and applications. 7. Task Manager: Task Manager is a system tool that allows users to view and manage running applications and processes. It provides users with information about CPU and memory usage and allows users to end unresponsive programs and processes. 8. Disk Cleanup: Disk Cleanup is a system tool that allows users to free up space on their hard drives by removing unnecessary files and data. It scans the system for temporary files, cache, and other unnecessary data, and provides users with the option to remove them. 9. Cortana: Cortana is a virtual assistant software that allows users to interact with their computers using voice commands. It provides users with access to information, and reminders, and can perform tasks such as sending emails and setting reminders.  List of Commands for Windows Operating System Below is the list of some important commands for the Windows Operating System: 1. cd: This command is used to change the current directory. For example, you can use "cd Documents" to change to the Documents directory. 2. cls: This command is used to clear the screen of any text or commands that were previously entered. 3. dir: This command is used to display a list of files and directories in the current directory. 4. move: This command is used to move a file from one location to another. 5. ipconfig: This command displays the current network configuration of your computer, including the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. 6. ping: This command is used to test the connection between your computer and another device on the network. It sends packets of data to the device and measures the response time. 7. nslookup: This command is used to query the Domain Name System (DNS) to retrieve information about a specific domain or hostname. 8. tracert: This command is used to trace the path that data takes from your computer to another device on the network. It shows the routers and other devices that the data passes through. 9. sfc: This command scans and repairs system files that have been corrupted or modified. 10. attrib: This command is used to change the attributes of a file or directory, such as read-only or hidden. 11. copy: This command is used to copy files and directories from one location to another. 12. find: This command is used to search for a specific string of text within a file. 13. del: This command is used to delete a file or directory. 3. MAC operating system macOS (previously known as OS X) is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its Mac line of personal computers and workstations. The abbreviation "macOS" stands for "Macintosh Operating System. It was first introduced in 2001 as the successor to the classic Mac OS. Since then, it has undergone many updates and improvements to become the sophisticated and user-friendly operating system it is today. macOS is built on a Unix-based architecture and provides users with a stable, reliable, and user- friendly experience. The operating system is designed to be intuitive and easy to use, focusing on simplicity and elegance. The user interface of macOS is clean, organized, and aesthetically pleasing, making it a pleasure to use for both casual and professional users alike. The advantages of MacOS o Streamlined User Interface: Mac OS has an intuitive, easy interface yet still offers all the functionality you need. o Hardware & Operating System Integration: Mac OS and the Apple hardware it runs on are designed to work together seamlessly, resulting in a smooth and consistent experience. o Security: Mac OS is less prone to security and malware issues than other operating systems, providing peace of mind for users.  o Integration with Apple Devices: Mac OS integrates well with other Apple devices like iPhones and iPads, allowing for seamless data transfer and tasks. o Multitasking: The multitasking feature in Mac OS allows users to switch between applications and complete tasks efficiently and easily. o Free Productivity Applications: Mac OS comes bundled with various free productivity applications that provide value to the user. o Good Customer Support: Mac OS users can access excellent customer support, quickly resolving any issues they may encounter. o Consistent Graphical User Interface: Mac OS has the same graphical user interface across all its devices, making it easy to learn and use. o Long Life: Mac OS is known for its long life, with some versions still being supported several years after their initial release. o Good Performance: Mac OS provides good performance, with fast boot times and smooth operation even on older hardware. o Default Apps: Mac OS comes with various default apps that provide basic user functionality, eliminating the need for additional software. o Support for FAT & NTFS: Mac OS supports FAT and NTFS file systems, allowing users to transfer files from other devices easily. o Ability to Run Windows: Mac OS can run Windows, allowing users to access a wider range of software and applications. The disadvantages of Mac OS o High Cost: Mac products are generally more expensive than similar Windows-based options, which can be a barrier for many users. o Limited Software Availability: Mac OS supports fewer games and software applications than Windows, which can be frustrating for some users. o Lack of Customization for Hardware: macOS offers little in the way of hardware customization options, which can be a drawback for those who prefer a more personalized setup. o Incompatible File System: The macOS file system is not compatible with Windows, making it difficult to transfer files between the two operating systems. o Lack of Flexibility for Upgrading Hardware: The limited options for hardware upgrades can make it difficult to upgrade or repair Mac-based systems. o High Cost of Mac-based Products: The high cost of Apple products, including Mac computers and accessories, can burden many users. 4. Linux Operating System Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, the Linux operating system is a powerful and flexible open-source software platform. It acts as the basis for a variety of devices, such embedded systems, cell phones, servers, and personal computers. Linux, that’s well-known for its reliability, safety, and flexibility, allows users to customize and improve their environment to suit specific needs. With an extensive and active community supporting it, Linux is an appealing choice for people as well as companies due to its wealth of resources and constant developments.  1. Bootloader – The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most users, this will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot into the operating system. 2. Kernel – This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called ‘Linux’. The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the lowest level of the OS. 3. Init system – This is a sub-system that bootstraps the user space and is charged with controlling daemons. One of the most widely used init systems is systemd, which also happens to be one of the most controversial. It is the init system that manages the boot process, once the initial booting is handed over from the bootloader (i.e., GRUB or GRand Unified Bootloader). 4. Daemons – These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc.) that either start up during boot or after you log into the desktop. 5. Graphical server – This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly referred to as the X server or just X. 6. Desktop environment – This is the piece that the users actually interact with. There are many desktop environments to choose from (GNOME, Cinnamon, Mate, Pantheon, Enlightenment, KDE, Xfce, etc.). Each desktop environment includes built-in applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers, and games). 7. Applications – Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps. Just like Windows and macOS, Linux offers thousands upon thousands of high-quality software titles that can be easily found and installed. Most modern Linux distributions (more on this below) include App Store-like tools that centralize and simplify application installation. For example, Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Center (a rebrand of GNOME Software) which allows you to quickly search among the thousands of apps and install them from one centralized location. 5. Mobile Operating System A mobile operating system allows the user to run other different application software on the mobile, tablets, etc. Moreover, we can say that it is a type of operating system which is specially designed for mobiles, tablets, smartwatches, etc. Furthermore, they are a mixture of computer OS with some additional features for mobiles. Also, they are comparatively light and simple. An operating system (OS) is a program that acts as an interface between the system hardware and the user. Moreover, it handles all the interactions between the software and the hardware. Before knowing different mobile OS, let us study some functions of an operating system. Types of Popular Mobile Operating System 1. Android OS The Android OS is the most common operating system among the mobile operating system. Furthermore, Google is the developer of Android. Moreover, it is an open source and free operating system. This OS is based on the Linux kernel. The name for every new version of update is based on ‘desserts’ for example Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Oreo, Kitkat, etc. 2. Bada Samsung is the launcher of this operating system. It came into market in 2010. Moreover, it includes features like 3-D graphics, application installation, multipoint touch etc. 3. Blackberry OS The developer of this operating system is Reasearch In Motion (RIM). It was specifically designed for blackberry devices. Furthermore, it is useful for corporate users. 4. Apple iOS After android, it is one of the most popular OS. It is designed to run on Apple devices such as iPhones, iPad tablets, etc. Moreover, like the android devices have the playstore for apps download. Likewise, apple iOS contains the app store. Also, it has very strong security features. 5. Windows Mobile Operating System The developer of this OS is Microsoft. It is basically designed for pocket PCs and smartphones. Moreover, it has the features of computer based Windows OS and additional features for mobile phones. 6. Symbian OS Symbian Ltd. is the developer of this OS. Moreover, Nokia was the first to use this OS on its mobile phones. Furthermore, it provides high level integration with communication. This OS is based on java language. 7. Harmony OS It is a latest OS moreover, Huawei is its developer. It is specifically designed for use in IoT devices. 8. Palm OS Its other name is Garnet OS. Furthermore, Palm Ltd. is its developer which developed this OS for use in Personal Digital Assisstants (PADs). 9. WebOS Palm Ltd is its developer. Moreover, it is based on Linux kernel and HP uses it in its mobile devices and touchpads. Features of Mobile Operating System 1. Easy to use  The graphics should be attractive.  The buttons and features should be easy to use. mOreover, the functionalities should not be very compilicated.  Features should be powerful and useful. 2. Good app store  An app is one of the basic part of an OS.  Good and useful apps forms an important part of an OS.  The apps should be simple and interactive. 3. Good battery life  Power is one of the main requirement of a smartphone.  They require power for processors sensors etc. Therefore, the battery holds a very important role.  Smartphones power usage keeps on increasing therefore, a good battery backup is very essential. 4. Data usage and organization  An operating system should focus on controlling the data and network usage. It should keep the limit and requirement in focus.  Secondly, the organization of data related to to-do lists, calendars, alarms, reminders etc is very important. A good OS should keep this data in a very organized and safe manner. Moreover, the data should be readily and easily available.