OpenStax Psychology 2e Study Guide PDF

Introductory Psychology – OpenStax Psychology 2e Study Guide Prepared by Professor April Peck Chapter 1 - Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Cha...

Introductory Psychology – OpenStax Psychology 2e Study Guide Prepared by Professor April Peck Chapter 1 - Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 - Psychological Research.............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 3 - Biopsychology............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 4 - States of Consciousness.............................................................................................................................................................6 Chapter 5 - Sensation & Perception............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 6 - Learning..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 7 - Thinking & Intelligence............................................................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 8 - Memory................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 10 - Emotion & Motivation........................................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 11 - Personality............................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 12 - Social Psychology................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 13 – I/O Psychology *NOT ASSIGNED*......................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 14 - Stress, Lifestyle & Health....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders..........................................................................................................................................................32 Chapter 16 - Therapy & Treatment.............................................................................................................................................................35 Chapter 1 - Introduction Section Item 1.1 Define psychology. 1.1 How do we produce knowledge and facts in psychology? 1.1 When did psychology begin as a field of study? 1.1 Define and describe the empirical method. 1.1 Identify critical thinking skills. 1.2 List psychologists associated with various paradigms in psychology. 1.2 Recognize and describe multicultural psychology. 1.2 Recognize and describe cross-cultural psychology. 1.3 Recognize and describe the major subdivisions of psychology. 1.4 What are the top occupations that employ graduates with a BA in Psychology? 1.4 Identify the percentage of psychology doctorates employed in various settings in 2009. 1.4 What are the differences between a PsyD and a PhD? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 1 Chapter 2 - Psychological Research Section Item List historical examples of ideas that have been falsified through systematic scientific research 2.1 and evidence. Discuss the ways that scientists and psychologists attempt to understand the world around 2.1 them. How does scientific thinking differ from non-scientific thinking? Explain why the public should NOT be worried about contradictory or conflicting results in 2.1 psychological studies. 2.1 Describe how one can think critically and exercise healthy skepticism when evaluating claims. 2.1 List all the steps of the scientific method in order, starting with "Theory". Describe and recognize the different research methods used by psychologists, e.g., 2.2 & 2.3 clinical/case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, archival research, longitudinal & cross-sectional research, correlational research, and experiments. Examine a scatterplot and describe the direction of the correlation (positive, negative, no 2.3 correlation). 2.3 Explain why correlation does not indicate causation. Define illusory correlation. List examples of illusory correlations. Explain why we are 2.3 susceptible to illusory correlations. 2.3 Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in an experimental design. 2.3 Describe the differences between magazines like Psychology Today and scientific journals. Discuss (1) how the vaccine-autism myth originated, (2) what the experts say about 2.3 vaccinations, and (3) the negative consequences of the anti-vaccination movement. 2.4 List the ways in which human dignity and safety are secured in modern psychological science. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 2  Describe the ethical violations researchers committed during the Tuskegee Syphilis Study 2.4 (1932-1972). 2.4 Discuss how research involving animal subjects is regulated. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 3 Chapter 3 - Biopsychology Section Item 3.1 Discuss the health outcomes for a carrier of sickle-cell anemia. 3.1 Define gene, allele, genotype, and phenotype. Understand how recessive and dominant alleles contribute to a person’s phenotype. Hint: 3.1 Study the Punnett square in your reading describing the inheritance of cleft chins (Figure 3.5). Which offspring will have a cleft chin? Which offspring will have a smooth chin? 3.1 Define the term polygenic. Which human traits are polygenic? What is a gene mutation? What disease is a result of a genetic mutation? Are there any benefits 3.1 to mutations? Discuss human diversity and the construct of ‘race’. Are there genetic differences between 3.1 different races of people? 3.1 Summarize the findings from the 2004 study by Tienari and colleagues. Identify the following structures of a neuron and describe their function: dendrites, axon, 3.2 terminal buttons, and myelin sheath. Refer to figure 3.8 in your reading. 3.2 What two disorders discussed in your reading are the result of myelin sheath breakdown? 3.2 Why is neuronal communication referred to as an ‘electrochemical event’? 3.2 Summarize the role that dopamine plays in Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Define the terms ‘agonist’ and ‘antagonist’. Describe how psychotropic medications are used 3.2 to treat Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 4  What is ‘reuptake’? What does the abbreviation ‘SSRI’ stand for? How do SSRIs work to treat 3.2 depression? 3.3 What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system? What are the two subdivisions of the PNS? Describe the function of both subdivisions. Which 3.3 is voluntary? Which is involuntary? 3.3 What are the two subdivisions of the ANS? Describe the functions of both. 3.4 Explain the functions of the spinal cord. 3.4 Define and describe neuroplasticity. How can neuroplasticity occur? 3.4 Identify the location and explain the function of the corpus callosum. 3.4 Identify the locations and functions of the 4 lobes of the brain. Discuss the cases of Henry Molaison and Phineas Gage. How did their cases contribute to our 3.4 understanding of the human brain? What parts of the brain are involved in language production and speech comprehension? 3.4 These regions are located in which hemisphere? 3.4 Describe the function of the cerebellum. 3.4 Describe how electroencephalography (EEG) is used to study brain activity. Identify the major endocrine glands, associated hormones, and their functions. Refer to Table 3.5 3.2 in your reading. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 5 Chapter 4 - States of Consciousness Section Item 4.1 Define the following terms: consciousness, sleep, and wakefulness. 4.1 Define 'circadian rhythm' and list examples. 4.1 What is homeostasis and what brain structure regulates homeostasis? 4.1 Describe the role of melatonin in sleep regulation. What stimulates melatonin release? 4.1 What events can disrupt circadian sleep cycles? 4.1 What are the negative consequences of sleep deprivation? Review Figure 4.5. 4.2 Define 'sleep rebound'. 4.2 According to the National Sleep Foundation, what are the benefits of sleep? Does sleeping after learning a new task improve or worsen performance on the newly learned 4.2 task? 4.3 How is electroencephalography (EEG) used to study sleep? 4.3 Describe the general differences between REM and non-REM sleep. When do people dream? Describe what happens to the brain waves, eye movements, and the muscles of a person 4.3 during REM sleep. Is dreaming a continuous experience or is it broken up throughout the sleep cycle? Review the 4.3 hypnogram in Figure 4.12. Among Freud, Jung & Cartwright, whose theories/ideas about dreams do not have empirical 4.3 support? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 6  List the symptoms of the following sleep problems and disorders: insomnia, sleepwalking, REM 4.4 Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD), restless leg syndrome, night terrors, sleep apnea, SIDS, and narcolepsy. Outline the criteria for diagnosing substance use disorders as described in the Diagnostic and 4.5 Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). 4.5 Define psychological dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. Recognize the 4 classifications of drugs and list examples of drugs within each classification 4.5 (see Table 4.2). Describe the effects of alcohol use at low doses, as the dose increases, and at excessive 4.5 use/abuse. Understand caffeine's effect on neurotransmitters and the behavioral side effects of caffeine 4.5 use. What can happen if a person consumes large amounts of caffeine? 4.5 What are the side effects of vaping? Topics under section 4.6 are NOT included in this study guide. The empirical evidence supporting hypnosis as a therapeutic tool is still developing, and no conclusions about its clinical applications can be made yet. A historical review of hypnosis in its various forms is Note recommended reading for the student interested in this topic. The research on meditation is just beginning and there is not a consensus on how one should perform meditation in order to receive the benefits. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 7 Chapter 5 - Sensation & Perception Section Item Define absolute threshold. Be familiar with the examples from the reading and be able to 5.1 identify new examples. Understand what the research on subliminal messages has concluded about its effects on our 5.1 behavior. Define just noticeable difference (jnd)/difference threshold. Note: The examples in the reading 5.1 are misleading and I have submitted a suggested correction to the editors. Review this resource for better examples. 5.1 What is meant by 'sensation'? What is meant by 'perception'? Define and discriminate between bottom-up processing and top-down processing. Be familiar 5.1 with the cinnamon rolls example from the reading and be able to identify new examples. Define sensory adaptation. Be familiar with the examples from the reading and be able to 5.1 identify new examples. Describe the 1999 study by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris. Define inattentional 5.1 blindness. 5.2 Define wavelength, amplitude, and frequency. 5.2 How do humans perceive light's properties of wavelength and amplitude? 5.2 How do humans perceive sound's properties of frequency and amplitude? 5.2 Which activities can cause permanent hearing damage? Refer to Figure 5.9. What are photoreceptor cells? Name the two kinds of photoreceptors and describe their 5.3 function. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 8 5.3 Give two reasons why we are not consciously aware of our blind spot. 5.3 What did Hubel and Wiesel discover from their research on kittens? Name and describe the two theories of color vision. Which theory is supported by the 5.3 anatomical presence of red, green, and blue cones? Which theory is supported by the phenomenon of afterimages? 5.3 Understand how we can perceive images in 3-D with binocular cues and monocular cues. 5.4 Articulate the differences between monaural cues and binaural cues. Understand the differences between congenital deafness, conductive hearing loss, and 5.4 sensorineural hearing loss. 5.4 Describe the components of deaf culture. 5.5 What are the six taste groupings? Describe the function of the following receptors: Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, 5.5 Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini corpuscles. 5.5 What is congenital analgesia? 5.5 Describe the basic functions of the vestibular, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic sensory systems. Describe and identify the following Gestalt principles: figure-ground relationship, proximity, 5.5 similarity, continuity, and closure. 5.5 Summarize the empirical findings that implicit racial bias and stereotypes affect perceptions. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 9 Chapter 6 - Learning Section Item 6.1 Contrast reflexes/instincts and learned behavior. 6.1 Define the following terms: learning, associative learning. 6.1 What becomes associated in classical (Pavlovian) conditioning? 6.1 What becomes associated in operant conditioning? 6.2 Know key facts about Ivan Pavlov: country of origin, occupation, key area of interest. Define the following terms: unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), 6.2 neutral stimulus (NS), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR) List all the steps Pavlov used to condition a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell and label the 6.2 type of stimulus and response. Hint: In the first step, Pavlov presents the meat (UCS) powder to elicit salivation (UCR). Define acquisition and describe when acquisition occurs in the context of Pavlov's dog 6.2 experiment. Does acquisition strengthen or weaken an association? 6.2 What is 'taste aversion' and what adaptive function does it serve? Define extinction and describe how one would extinguish a CS-CR pairing. Does extinction 6.2 strengthen or weaken an association? 6.2 What is spontaneous recovery? 6.2 Define stimulus discrimination and give examples from the reading. 6.2 Define stimulus generalization and give examples from the reading. 6.2 Describe the "Little Albert" experiment. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 10 6.3 Define the following terms: operant conditioning and law of effect. 6.3 What is reinforcement? What is punishment? Know the differences between positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative 6.3 reinforcement, and negative punishment. 6.3 Define 'shaping'. When is shaping used? With examples from the reading, describe how animals and humans learn through observation 6.4 and imitation. Who can serve as a model in observational learning? What are the 4 steps of Bandura's modeling process? According to Bandura, what will 6.4 influence a learner's motivation? Hint: Your answer to the second question involves two terms from your reading. Describe the Bobo Doll experiment. Would Bandura agree with the saying "Do as I say, not as I 6.4 do"? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 11 Chapter 7 - Thinking & Intelligence Section Item 7.1 What topics do cognitive psychologists seek to describe and understand? Outline how the human mind processes information from sensation to behavior (refer to Figure 7.2 and 7.1 the text around Figure 7.2). 7.1 Explain how the human mind organizes information using the "file cabinet" analogy. Define the following terms: concept, prototype, role schema, and event schema. Understand the 7.1 examples for these terms and recognize new examples. How would a cognitive psychologist explain why someone would engage in the dangerous behavior of 7.1 texting and driving? 7.2 Define 'language'. What are other forms of communication besides language? 7.2 Define the following terms: lexicon, grammar 7.2 Contrast B.F. Skinner's and Noam Chomsky's views on language development. What was the cause of Genie's language delays? Describe the gains that Genie made during 7.2 rehabilitation. Did Genie's case offer support for the critical period hypothesis? 7.2 Define 'overgeneralization'. Understand the examples from the reading and recognize new examples. 7.3 Name and describe the three problem-solving strategies summarized in Table 7.2. 7.3 What five conditions increase the likelihood that a person will use a heuristic to problem-solve? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 12  Define 'functional fixedness' and illustrate this term with examples from the reading. Be prepared to 7.3 identify new examples. Define the following terms: anchoring bias, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, representativeness bias, 7.3 and availability heuristic. 7.4 Define and distinguish between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. 7.4 Describe the three components of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. Describe Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory. List the 8 intelligence types in Gardner's 7.4 theory. Is there empirical support for Gardner's ideas? Define the following terms: emotional intelligence, cultural intelligence, creativity, divergent thinking, and 7.4 convergent thinking Define 'intelligent quotient'. Describe the limitations and controversies surrounding intelligence testing 7.5 as described in the text. 7.5 What are the names of the tests developed by David Wechsler? 7.5 What are the multiple abilities measured on the WISC-V? Hint: There are five. 7.5 Describe the 'Flynn effect'. What range of scores would be considered an "average" IQ score? What percentage of the population 7.5 has IQ scores in this range? What does a score of 70 or lower indicate? What does a score of 130+ indicate? Refer to Figure 7.15. 7.6 Summarize what the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart research revealed about intelligence. 7.6 Describe the relationship between socioeconomic status and IQ scores. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 13  What are learning disabilities? How are learning disabilities different from intellectual or developmental 7.6 disabilities? 7.6 Define and describe the following: dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 14 Chapter 8 - Memory Section Item 8.1 Define the following terms: memory, encoding, storage, retrieval, explicit memory, implicit memory What are the differences between automatic processing and effortful processing? Be prepared to 8.1 identify examples from the reading and new examples. 8.1 Name the three types of encoding and identify examples from the reading and new examples. Refer to Figure 8.4 (Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory) and be prepared to label the stages on the 8.1 diagram. At which stages can information be lost? 8.1 What is sensory memory? How long does it last? 8.1 What is short-term memory (STM)? How long does STM last? What is the capacity of STM? 8.1 How does STM move over to long-term memory (LTM)? What is long-term memory (LTM)? Name the divisions and components of long-term memory (see 8.1 Figure 8.6). 8.1 Compare and contrast recall, recognition, and relearning. What brain structure is involved in creating fear memories? What happens to a conditioned fear memory 8.2 when this structure is damaged? 8.2 Which brain structure is involved in creating memories for objects and spatial tasks? What happened to H.M. when his hippocampi were removed? What type of memory was affected? Did 8.2 H.M. suffer from amnesia? What kind? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 15 8.2 Which brain structure allows us to create implicit memories? 8.2 Which neurotransmitters are involved in memory formation? 8.2 Describe arousal theory. 8.2 What is a flashbulb memory? Is a flashbulb memory always accurate? 8.3 Define the following terms: amnesia, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia 8.3 Describe memory construction and reconstruction. 8.3 Define suggestibility and describe how suggestibility can lead to false memories. What is the leading cause of wrongful conviction in DNA exoneration cases? (hint: see Figure 8.11). If 8.3 memory is fragile and imperfect, how can a witness go from, "I think it’s the guy" and it "Looks most like him," to apparent certainty? Describe Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer's research on the misinformation effect. Describe what the 8.3 participants were asked to do, identify the independent variable, identify the dependent variable, and summarize the research findings. 8.3 Name and describe Daniel Schacter's Seven Sins of Memory. Be able to sort the "sins" by type. 8.3 Compare and contrast misattribution, suggestibility, and bias. 8.4 Describe how one can use chunking to enhance memory. 8.4 What is a mnemonic device? Give an example and be able to identify new examples. 8.4 How can one use elaborative rehearsal to improve memory? 8.4 What is distributed practice? Why is this strategy better than cramming? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 16 Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development Section Item 9.1 What do developmental psychologists study? 9.1 Define the following terms: physical development, cognitive development, psychosocial development. Describe the research methods used by developmental psychologists with examples from the reading. 9.1 What are two well-known case studies in developmental psychology? Who conducted the first research on triplets? 9.1 Describe the concepts of continuous and discontinuous development. Define the terms nature and nurture as they are applied to developmental psychology. Is it accurate to 9.1 say that one influence is more important than the other? Why or why not? What is the achievement gap? What have researchers identified as an important variable that 9.1 contributes to the achievement gap? Name the figure associated with the following: psychosexual development, psychosocial development, 9.2 cognitive development, sociocultural development, moral development. Did the following figures believe development is continuous or discontinuous? Freud, Erikson, Piaget, 9.2 Kohlberg Is there empirical support for Freud's ideas about development? Which figure was influenced by Freud? 9.2 How were their two approaches the same? How were they different? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 17  What are the critiques of Erikson's notion of human development? Note: A critique is not available in the 9.2 course textbook. Review this resource, especially the Support and Criticism section. What does Erikson identify as the developmental task of adolescence? What is 'role confusion'? What 9.2 can lead to 'role confusion'? 9.2 Compare and contrast Piaget's terms assimilation and accommodation. 9.2 Recognize the names of Piaget's cognitive stages. What kinds of behaviors might you observe in children at each of Piaget's stages of cognitive 9.2 development? 9.2 What are critiques of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? How did Kohlberg develop his theory of moral development? How did he place people in different 9.2 stages? According to Kohlberg, how did his theory apply to males and females? What is a critique of the sex differences described by Kohlberg? Name the three stages of prenatal development. When do these stages occur in terms of 'weeks' after 9.3 conception? 9.3 What are teratogens and how do they affect prenatal development? Give examples of teratogens. 9.3 List and describe the newborn reflexes discussed in the reading. 9.3 What occurs during neural blooming and pruning? When do these events occur in development? Describe Baillargeon's 1987 study on cognitive development in 3-month old infants. Did the results of 9.3 this research support or refute Piaget's ideas about babies' cognitive development? 9.3 Define the following terms: attachment, secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 18  Name and describe Diana Baumrind's parenting styles. What are the effects of these parenting styles on 9.3 children? During adolescence, teens tend to spend less time with their parents and more time with whom? Does 9.3 this imply that teens have negative feelings toward their parents? Are major parent-teen conflicts more common during adolescence? 9.3 According to Mohr and Zoghi (2006), what components of work lead to high job satisfaction? 9.3 What does socioemotional selectivity theory predict about adult social relationships? 9.4 Define the following terms: hospice, living will/advance directive, DNR, health care proxy Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 19 Chapter 10 - Emotion & Motivation Section Item Define and describe intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Be able to identify examples from the reading and 10.1 new examples. 10.1 What is the overjustification effect? 10.1 Describe the effects of tangible and intangible rewards on intrinsic motivation. Define instinct. Which psychologist proposed that human behavior is driven by instincts? What 10.1 evidence was used to counter this view? 10.1 Describe the drive theory of motivation. What is a habit and how does a habit form? Describe the non-linear relationship between arousal and performance. When is performance the 10.1 lowest? When is performance the highest? 10.1 What is Yerkes-Dodson law? Name and describe the 5 tiers that comprise Maslow's hierarchy of needs pyramid. What tier is at the 10.1 top? What tier is at the bottom? What are two critiques of Maslow's hierarchy? 10.2 What factors affect our body weight? What role does metabolism play? 10.2 What is set-point theory? Is there any evidence for set-point theory? 10.2 What does BMI stand for? What is a critique of the BMI? 10.2 What are the negative health consequences of being extremely overweight or obese? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 20  What is Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)? What are the symptoms and early signs of PWS? What brain 10.2 structure is involved in PWS? What is bulimia nervosa? Describe the compensatory behaviors that individuals use to offset calorie 10.2 consumption during binging. What are the health and psychological risks of bulimia nervosa? Is bulimia nervosa an eating disorder that affects only women? 10.2 How is binge eating disorder similar to and different from bulimia nervosa? What is anorexia nervosa? What are the health and psychological risks of anorexia nervosa? Is anorexia 10.2 nervosa an eating disorder that affects only women? Which structure of the hypothalamus is associated with the ABILITY to engage in sexual behavior? 10.3 Which brain structures are associated with the MOTIVATION to engage in sexual behavior? What are the titles of Dr. Alfred Kinsey's books about human sexual behavior and when were they 10.3 published? Why was this work groundbreaking? Why was this work controversial? Summarize some of the results of Kinsey's research. What is the Kinsey scale and what does it 10.3 measure? 10.3 How did Kinsey conduct his research? Why was Kinsey's work criticized? Describe how Masters and Johnson conducted their research. Summarize the human sexual response 10.3 cycle. What does the research say about how sexual orientation is determined? Is sexual orientation a choice? 10.3 Can people change their sexual orientation? Describe how people in Papua New Guinea regard homosexual behavior. Define and describe gender identity and gender dysphoria. Does a person's gender always correspond 10.3 to their biological sex? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 21 10.3 Is it true that every human is born EITHER male or female? What is an intersex condition? Be familiar with the case of David Reimer. When David was growing up as Brenda, was her 10.3 development as a child typical? What about her adolescence? What event led to Brenda identifying as male? What does David Reimer's case imply about the role of socialization in gender identity? 10.4 What are the 3 components of emotion? What 3 factors inform (influence) our emotions? 10.4 Compare and contrast the 4 models of emotion outlined in Figure 10.21. Describe Schachter and Singer's 1962 experiment with epinephrine injections. What did they determine 10.4 about the role of context on emotions? What is a polygraph? What has empirical research shown about the validity and accuracy of the 10.4 polygraph? What is a cultural display rule? How do people from the U.S. and Japan differ in the display rules 10.4 concerning negative emotions? Which researcher studied the human universality of emotions? What are the seven universal emotions? 10.4 Do congenitally blind people produce the same facial expressions of emotion as a sighted person? What is significant about this? What does the text say about body language related to lying or telling the truth? (Hint: this is not meant 10.4 to be a trick question, but pop culture has a lot to say about this topic. What does your textbook say?) Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 22 Chapter 11 - Personality Section Item 11.1 Define personality. Describe phrenology. How does a phrenologist conduct their assessment? Why is phrenology 11.1 considered a pseudoscience? 11.1 Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? 11.2 Define the following terms: id, ego, superego, neurosis, defense mechanism According to Freud, what is required to have a healthy personality? What can lead to neurosis, anxiety 11.2 disorders, and unhealthy behaviors? 11.2 Recognize and define the 8 examples of defense mechanisms from the reading. 11.2 Describe the political, social, and cultural influences of Freud's psychosexual development theory. Describe Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development. When do these stages occur (i.e., childhood 11.2 or adulthood?) 11.2 Are Freud's ideas supported by scientific evidence? 11.3 List the names of the neo-Freudians. 11.3 Who believed that birth order shapes personality? Is there empirical evidence for this idea? What are archetypes? Jung believed that archetypes were biologically determined. What is the evidence 11.3 that refutes this idea? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 23 11.4 SKIP THIS SECTION 11.5 SKIP THIS SECTION 11.6 What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart reveal about the heritability of personality traits? 11.6 Describe the three infant temperaments identified by Thomas and Chess. Which two dimensions of temperament are important parts of adult personality? Name and describe 11.6 these dimensions. Name the 16 factors of personality identified by Raymond Cattell in 1957. Describe how Cattell 11.7 measured these factors. What is the name of Cattell's assessment? 11.7 Name the two personality dimensions identified by Hans and Sybil Eysenck. Which personality theory is considered the middle ground between Cattell's 16 factors and the 11.7 Eysenck's 2 dimensions? What is the OTHER name of the Five Factor Model? Name the 5 traits. 11.7 Which is the most accurate model of personality today? 11.8 Discuss the differences in the Big Five factors in Asian, Central/South American, and European cultures. 11.8 Describe the 3 distinct regional personality clusters within the United States. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 24 11.8 What is selective migration and how does it relate to regional differences in personality? 11.9 What are self-report inventories? 11.9 What are the benefits of self-report methods? 11.9 What are the disadvantages of self-report methods? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 25 Chapter 12 - Social Psychology Section Item What is the fundamental attribution error? Be familiar with the examples from the reading including the 12.1 quizmaster study. What is the actor-observer bias. What do we tend to do when we are 'actors'? What do we tend to do 12.1 when we are 'observers'? What is the reason for this discrepancy? 12.1 Define the following terms: attribution, self-serving bias Describe the just-world hypothesis. What is victim blaming and how to the just-world hypothesis and 12.1 the fundamental attribution error play a role? 12.2 What is a social role? Recognize examples from the reading and identify new examples. 12.2 What are social norms? Recognize examples from the reading and identify new examples. 12.2 What is a script? Recognize examples from the reading and new identify examples. Describe the study that demonstrated the power of social roles, norms, and scripts. Who is the 12.2 psychologist that is associated with this study? Define 'cognitive dissonance'. Who is the psychologist that is associated with research on cognitive 12.3 dissonance? With examples from the reading, describe how one's attitudes are internally changed through cognitive 12.3 dissonance, Tip: Be able to retell the smoking example and the military boot camp example. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 26  Describe the classic experiment by Aronson and Mills (1959). What concept did this study illustrate? 12.3 Identify the independent variable and dependent variable of this study? Discuss the results of the study and the bar chart in Figure 12.13. Explain how people’s attitudes are externally changed through persuasion. In other words, list the three 12.3 features of persuasion, according to the Yale attitude change approach. What is the Asch effect? What percentage of participants conformed to group pressure at least once? 12.4 What factors make a person more likely to yield to group pressure? 12.4 Define the following terms: normative social influence, informational social influence What is 'obedience'? Which psychologist is famous for studying obedience? Describe the study. What 12.4 percentage of the participants obeyed authority and delivered the shock to the maximum voltage? 12.4 Define the following terms: groupthink, group polarization, social loafing, deindividuation 12.4 What are the symptoms of groupthink? 12.4 How can group polarization occur? What is a social trap? 12.5 Define the following terms: prejudice, stereotype, discrimination 12.5 Describe why modern racism is hard to detect. Be sure to describe 'implicit' and 'explicit' attitudes. 12.5 Can women be sexist toward other women? Explain how gender role expectations can lead to sexism. 12.5 What are some ageist views of older people? What are some ageist views of younger people? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 27  Describe the experiment by Adams, Wright, and Lohr (1996) that aimed to illuminate the motives of 12.5 homophobic men. What did they find? For this item, please refer to the textbook supplement for 12.5, focusing on the “Dig Deeper” box. How do social learning and conformity to social norms contribute to the persistence of prejudice and 12.5 discrimination in society? 12.5 Define the following terms: confirmation bias, in-group bias, scapegoating Chapter 12 is full of great information, and I do recommend that you read the entire chapter for your Note: own knowledge. However, I decided not to create test questions on Aggression (12.6) or Prosocial Behavior (12.7). Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 28 Chapter 13 – I/O Psychology *NOT ASSIGNED* Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 29 Chapter 14 - Stress, Lifestyle & Health Section Item Describe stimulus-based definitions of stress. Describe response-based definitions of stress. Give 14.1 examples of both. Describe how a person may respond to a stressor using primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. 14.1 What kind of appraisals will be adaptive or healthy? What kind of appraisals will be maladaptive or unhealthy? 14.1 Define and describe the following terms: eustress, distress Describe the general adaptation syndrome. Who is associated with this idea? Describe the three stages 14.1 in this model. 14.1 List the psychological and physical consequences of extreme or chronic stress. 14.2 What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? How was the SRRS developed? 14.2 Which life events on the SRRS had the highest LCUs? Which life events had the lowest LCUs? 14.2 What are the criticisms of the SRRS? Describe how daily hassles play can affect one's psychological and physical health. Give examples of 14.2 daily hassles. 14.2 Define and describe the following terms: job strain, job burnout Can unemployment lead to a person experiencing more illness? What other life events have been 14.3 shown to weaken immune functioning? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 30 14.3 Describe the experimental study by Cohen et al. (1998). What did the researchers find? Many kinds of stressors have been linked to cardiovascular problems. List stressors that are associated 14.3 with hypertension and elevated blood pressure. 14.3 Define and describe Type A and Type B behavior patterns. In the 1970s, Type A's were believed to be at higher risk for heart disease. Do health psychologists still 14.3 believe this? What elements of Type A behavior patterns are most important in predicting heart disease? 14.4 Compare and contrast problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Describe the classic studies on learned helplessness by Martin Seligman. Be able to describe the 14.4 method and results. 14.4 What are the physical health benefits of social support? 14.4 What are the stress reduction techniques discussed in the reading? 14.5 List factors related to happiness. 14.5 Is well-being associated with annual income? Explain. 14.5 How are our experiences of emotion similar to sensory adaptation? 14.5 What is 'flow' and how can it be experienced? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 31 Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Section Item Explain the following statement: Just because something is atypical, however, does not 15.1 necessarily mean it is disordered. Explain the following statement: Violating cultural expectations is not, in and of itself, a 15.1 satisfactory means of identifying the presence of a psychological disorder. 15.1 Who is credited with challenging the view that homosexuality is a form of mental illness? 15.2 What is the (DSM-5)? What does "DSM" stand for? 15.2 What is comorbidity? 15.2 What is the ICD? What does "ICD" stand for? 15.2 What is a compassionate view of psychological disorders? Describe the supernatural perspective of psychological disorders. During what period of time 15.3 were these explanations accepted? 15.3 What is the modern (current) perspective of psychological disorders? 15.3 Define and describe the diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders. 15.4 Name and describe specific phobias. 15.4 What are three ways that a person can develop a phobia? What are safety behaviors, who uses them, and how do safety behaviors make the situation 15.4 worse? 15.4 What are the physical and psychological symptoms of a panic attack? 15.4 Describe the role of cognitions in panic disorder. 15.4 What is generalized anxiety disorder? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 32  What percentage of the U.S. population will develop generalized anxiety disorder during their 15.4 lifetime? 15.5 Define and describe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 15.5 Give examples of obsessions and compulsions. Describe how a person might develop OCD through classical conditioning and operant 15.5 conditioning. What was PTSD called for most of the 20th century? Why? When did the name change and 15.6 why? 15.6 What are the symptoms of PTSD? 15.6 What percentage of U.S. adults will experience PTSD in their lifetime? 15.6 What U.S. national tragedies have led to large numbers of people diagnosed with PTSD? What protective factors reduce the likelihood that a person will develop PTSD after a traumatic 15.6 event? 15.6 Describe how a person might develop PTSD through classical conditioning. 15.7 What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD)? What percentage of U.S. adults will experience MDD in their lifetime? (Careful on this one -- 15.7 lots of stats are available in the reading.) 15.7 What is bipolar disorder and how is it different from MDD? 15.7 Are mood disorders genetic? Explain. 15.7 Which neurotransmitters are associated with mood disorders? 15.7 Which brain regions show abnormal activity in people experiencing depression? 15.7 What role does cortisol play in depression? 15.7 When do suicide rates peak during the year? 15.7 Summarize the risk factors for suicide. 15.7 How can suicides be contagious? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 33  Sections 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, and 15.11 are not included on this Study Guide and no questions note from these sections will be on the test. You may read and learn about these topics on your own. Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 34 Chapter 16 - Therapy & Treatment Section Item Review the information presented in Figure 16.3. Which adolescents are most likely to receive 16.1 treatment? Which adolescents are least likely to receive treatment? Describe the mental health treatments of the past and how they relate to incorrect and 16.1 unscientific beliefs about the human condition. 16.1 What figure was instrumental in creating the first American mental asylum? 16.1 Describe the conditions of the early asylums in the United States. Define and describe deinstitutionalization. Which events in 1954 and 1963 led to 16.1 deinstitutionalization in the United States? How were mental health services supposed to be delivered after the closing of large asylums in 16.1 the United States? What actually happened? 16.1 What percentage of homeless people are also considered mentally ill? 16.1 What is the connection between the U.S. corrections system and mental health treatment? 16.1 What conditions must be present for a person to be hospitalized for mental health treatment? 16.1 Define the following terms: involuntary treatment, voluntary treatment 16.1 What does the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 guarantee? 16.2 Define the following terms: psychotherapy, biomedical therapy Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 35 16.2 Describe and give an example of the various psychotherapy techniques outlined in Table 16.1. Of the therapeutic techniques outlined in Table 16.1, which ONE technique has been effective in treating people diagnosed with specific phobia, PTSD, and autism spectrum disorder? 16.2 For this item, please refer to the textbook supplement for 16.2, focusing on the highlighted section. Describe the following cognitive distortions addressed through CBT: all-or-nothing thinking, 16.2 overgeneralization, jumping to conclusions Identify the brand names of commonly prescribed psychotropic medications and the disorders 16.2 they are used to treat. 16.2 What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and when is it used? 16.2 What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and when is it used? How does the American Psychological Association define evidence-based practice in 16.2 psychology (EBPP)? 16.3 What is discussed during an intake? 16.3 What is meant by confidentiality? 16.3 Define and describe: individual therapy, group therapy, couples therapy, and family therapy. What is relapse? What is a reason that relapse rates tend to be high in people who abuse 16.4 substances? 16.4 Refer to Figure 16.18. During what age range are people reporting the most drug use? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 36 16.4 What is the goal of substance-related treatment? 16.4 Which is more cost-effective -- incarceration or substance-abuse treatment? What are the components of effective therapy in terms of duration and treatment modalities? 16.4 Remember, treatment modalities are discussed in section 16.3. 16.5 What is cultural competence? What are the barriers to treatment for ethnic minorities and individuals of low socioeconomic 16.5 status (SES)? Prepared by Professor April Peck. Updated 1/2025. page 37