gr9-1.docx

SCIENCE **THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM** The **respiratory system** consists of a set of organs and tissues involved in the uptake of oxygen from the atmosphere and the release of carbon dioxide **Nose** - The only visible part of the respiratory systems.  - The air enters the nose through its two o...

SCIENCE **THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM** The **respiratory system** consists of a set of organs and tissues involved in the uptake of oxygen from the atmosphere and the release of carbon dioxide **Nose** - The only visible part of the respiratory systems.  - The air enters the nose through its two openings, which are called the external nares or nostrils **Nasal Cavity** -  a space that is divided by a partition called the nasal septum. **Pharynx** - A five-inch muscular passageway for food and air.  **Larynx** - Plays a role in speech. It is formed by cartilages. **Epiglottis** - prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing. **Trachea** - Is a four-inch tract that is located midchest. - grasslike projections called **cilia** **Bronchi** - Divides into the right primary bronchus and the left primary bronchus  **Bronchioles** - serve as conduits for air, connecting the larger bronchi to the **alveoli (tiny air sacs)** **LUNGS -** The right and left lungs are lodged in the thoracic cavity and enclosed by the rib cage. The upper portion of each lung is called the **apex**, whereas the inferior border is the **base**, which rests on a dome shaped muscle called **diaphragm **   **THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM** - The **circulatory system** generally transports material throughout the body and the cardiovascular system is vital to life. The **heart** is a hollow, cone-shaped organ that weighs less than a pound. The Heart The **heart has coverings** - outer one called the parietal pericardium and inner one called the visceral pericardium  - The heart is a muscular organ. Its walls have **three layers:**  - epicardium (outer) - myocardium (middle) - endocardium (inner or thin) - **Four hollow chambers** of the heart are the right and left atria and left ventricles. **4 Valves** - Two atrioventricular (AV) valves and two semilunar valves. **Blood vessel**  - are the circulating medium in the cardiovascular system. **Blood** - is a life-sustaining fluid  **Erythrocytes (RBC) --** carries oxygenated blood to the body; anucleate (lacks nucleus); biconcave shape or flat with a depressed center **Leukocytes (WBC) --** part of the body's defense; contains nucleus; highly mobile; outnumbered by RBC **Granulocytes** -- has granules **Agranulocytes** - no granules 1. Eosinophils -- fights allergens and worms 1. Lymphocytes -- fights 2. Basophils -- calls more WBCs tumors and viruses 3. Neutrophils -- fight foreign bodies 2. Monocytes-fights infections **Plasma --** nutrient for the blood; 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% solutes, electrolytes, etc. **Thrombocytes (Platelets) --** clotting agents for ruptured or injured blood vessels; fragments of megakaryocytes (cells with numerous nuclei) **Antigen --** determine one's blood type  Blood Group O -- the universal donor Blood Group AB -- universal recipient/reciever   RESPIRATORY DISEASE/DISORDER **Disorder** is a group of symptoms that disrupts your normal body functions but does not have a known cause **Disease** is a medical condition with an identifiable cause. **Common Cold** -  contagious upper respiratory infection **Asthma** -  chronic lung disease, affecting people of all ages. **Tuberculosis** - infectious disease that most often affects the lungs **Emphysema** - lung disease that damages the alveoli in your lungs. **Chronic Bronchitis** - condition where large airways in lungs become inflamed. **Influenza** - infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. **Lung Cancer** - cancer that forms in tissues of the lung CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDER **Aneurysm** - abnormal swelling or bulge in the wall of a blood vessel, such as an artery. **Cardiac Arrhythmia** -Irregular heartbeat **Atherosclerosis** - thickening or hardening of the arteries **Coronary heart disease** - type of heart disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart **Hypertension** - pressure in your blood vessels is too high **Anemia** - blood doesn\'t have enough hemoglobin **Leukemia** - cancers of the blood cells **GENETICS**  - the study of how genes and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. **GENES** -- related to the Greek word *genos,*  which means "race, stock or offspring. **DNA** -- the long chain of nucleotides **TRAITS** -- the characteristic features of an individual. **ALLELE**  -- describe the alternative form or versions of a gene. **Dominant** -- always appear on or is expressed by several generations TT = Dominant Trait Recessive Trait (Short) Tt = Dominant Trait (Tall) **Recessive** -- If it needs two copies to express a trait **Homozygous** -- Same Alleles **Heterozygous** -- Different Alleles **GREGOR MENDEL** - Gregor Mendel (1822 -- 1884), An Augustinian monk, experimented on garden peas and other plants in a monastery garden in Brunn, Austria. "The father of genetics". **CHROMOSOMES** - Comes from the Greek words chroma, which means "color" and soma which means "body". **Law of Unit Characters** - determine characteristics or traits occur in pairs, and one factor of each pair is inherited from one parent and the other from the parents. **Law of Dominance** - One allele may dominate or inhibit the expression of another **Law of Segregation** - During gamete formation, the two alleles of each factor separate **Genotype** -- it is the genetic make up which is represented by capital and small letters **Phenotype** -- physical appearance of a trait **Law of Independent Assortment** - During gamete formation, alleles of different genes assort independently of one another.  **Genetic Variability:** **Genetic Variability --** potential genotype to vary within a population in response to genetic and environmental influence **Homologous Recombination --** reshuffling in/of physical appearance due to change in structure of a chromosome **Hybridization --** breeding organisms of different species **Migration-** movement of an individual or population from one place to another **Polyploidy -- the** condition of having more than 2 homologous or paired sets of chromosomes **Genetic Mutation** -- changes in nucleotide sequence or gene and occurs when DNA is not copied accurately during meiosis **Sex Chromosomes:** - composed of a special pair of - chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the sexes of mammals and insects - X and Y have different appearances and genetic compositions - females have two X chromosomes males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome - Autosomes -- the 22 pairs of Chromosome present in an individual - Carries -- inherited but not expressed - Sex Chromosome -- the 23^rd^ pair of chromosome **Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance** -  refers to certain patterns of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. **Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance** **Incomplete Dominance** - a pattern of inheritance where none of the alleles is completely dominant over the other **Multiple Alleles** - single gene that has more than two alleles **Polygenic traits** - such as height or skin color, are influenced by two or more genes. **Sex-linked genes** - genes found on either the X or Y chromosomes, and they cause inherited differences between males and females.  **Sex- Linked traits -** are genetic characteristics that are determined by genes located in sex chromosomes. **Hemophilia** - any of the hereditary or genetic bleeding disorders that impair blood-clotting processes **Color Blindness** - inability to identify color differences. BIODIVERSITY **Evolution** -  changes in the heritable traits of species or populations over generations **Extinction** - death of all members  **Deforestation** - direct loss and degradation of the habitat that organism live in.  **Overexploitation** - act of harvesting species from the wild at rates faster than the growth of natural populations. **Poaching** - illegal shooting, trapping, or taking of game, fish, or plants from private property or from a place  **Habitat Fragmentation** - includes the clearing and burning of forests **Bottom Trawling and Dredging** - Involve dragging huge heavy nets across the ocean floor  **Pollution** - It produces multiple forms of contamination in the environment. PHOTOSYNTHESIS - It is the process by which plants and few microorganisms convert light energy into chemical energy. - occurs within the **chloroplast**, an organelle in the plant cell. - It is a chemical process that involves the conversion of inorganic matter into organic matter through the energy provided by sunlight. **Light dependent reaction (occurs in Thylakoids)** - utilizes light energy from the sun to yield chemical energy. It is the first phase in photosynthesis where light energy converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule used to stored chemical energy in cells **Light-Independent Reaction (occurs in Stroma)** - In this phase, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-independent reaction are used to convert CO2 into sugar, such as glucose as the final product.