Biomaterials MCQ 1 PDF

UNIT-I: Introduction to Biomaterials: --- Definition and Classification of Biomaterials 1. What is the correct definition of a biomaterial? a) Any material used in mechanical engineering b) A material designed to interact with biological systems c) A naturally occurring material in the human body...

UNIT-I: Introduction to Biomaterials: --- Definition and Classification of Biomaterials 1. What is the correct definition of a biomaterial? a) Any material used in mechanical engineering b) A material designed to interact with biological systems c) A naturally occurring material in the human body d) A material that repels biological interaction Answer: b) A material designed to interact with biological systems 2. Biomaterials can be classified into how many broad categories? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 Answer: c) 4 3. Which of the following is NOT a class of biomaterials? a) Metals b) Ceramics c) Polymers d) Gases Answer: d) Gases 4. An example of a metallic biomaterial is: a) Titanium b) Silicone c) Hydroxyapatite d) Collagen Answer: a) Titanium 5. What type of biomaterial is commonly used in joint replacements? a) Polymers b) Ceramics c) Metals d) Hydrogels Answer: c) Metals 6. Which class of biomaterials is primarily used for soft tissue repair? a) Polymers b) Metals c) Ceramics d) Glass Answer: a) Polymers --- Characterization of Biomaterials: Mechanical Properties 7. Which of the following describes the ability of a material to resist deformation? a) Ductility b) Elasticity c) Hardness d) Strength Answer: d) Strength 8. The measure of a material's ability to stretch without breaking is called: a) Ductility b) Hardness c) Toughness d) Elasticity Answer: a) Ductility 9. The modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) measures: a) Stress at failure b) Ability to return to its original shape after deformation c) Resistance to scratching d) Energy absorbed before fracture Answer: b) Ability to return to its original shape after deformation 10. A biomaterial with high toughness will: a) Resist surface wear b) Absorb significant energy before failure c) Stretch without breaking d) Fracture easily under load Answer: b) Absorb significant energy before failure 11. Which mechanical property is most important for load-bearing implants? a) Flexibility b) Toughness c) Strength d) Hardness Answer: c) Strength --- Surface Properties of Biomaterials 12. Surface properties are critical in biomaterials because: a) They determine implant weight b) They influence the body's response to the material c) They ensure high fracture toughness d) They improve the implant’s color Answer: b) They influence the body's response to the material 13. The property of a biomaterial that reduces friction between moving parts is called: a) Corrosion resistance b) Lubricity c) Ductility d) Toughness Answer: b) Lubricity 14. Surface energy is important in biomaterials because it affects: a) Weight distribution b) Cell adhesion c) Electrical conductivity d) Elasticity Answer: b) Cell adhesion 15. Which technique is commonly used to study the surface topography of biomaterials? a) X-ray diffraction b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) c) Infrared spectroscopy d) Mass spectrometry Answer: b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) --- Wound Healing Process 16. The first phase of the wound healing process is: a) Proliferation b) Remodeling c) Inflammation d) Angiogenesis Answer: c) Inflammation 17. Which cells are the first to arrive at a wound site during healing? a) Macrophages b) Neutrophils c) Fibroblasts d) T cells Answer: b) Neutrophils 18. Fibroblasts are primarily involved in which phase of wound healing? a) Remodeling b) Inflammation c) Proliferation d) Angiogenesis Answer: c) Proliferation 19. What is the primary purpose of angiogenesis in wound healing? a) Recruitment of immune cells b) Formation of new blood vessels c) Removal of necrotic tissue d) Production of collagen Answer: b) Formation of new blood vessels 20. The final phase of wound healing involves: a) Collagen remodeling b) Increased immune response c) Cell apoptosis d) Vasodilation Answer: a) Collagen remodeling --- Body Response to Implants 21. The foreign body response to implants involves: a) Activation of fibroblasts only b) Acute inflammation followed by fibrous encapsulation c) Complete tissue rejection d) Formation of antibodies against the implant material Answer: b) Acute inflammation followed by fibrous encapsulation 22. Which cells are key in chronic inflammation near an implant? a) B cells b) Macrophages c) Neutrophils d) Basophils Answer: b) Macrophages 23. Granuloma formation around an implant is caused by: a) T cell activation b) Foreign body giant cells c) Plasma cells d) Fibroblasts Answer: b) Foreign body giant cells 24. What is fibrous encapsulation in response to implants? a) Implant rejection b) Formation of a fibrous tissue layer around the implant c) Degradation of the implant material d) Infection of the implant site Answer: b) Formation of a fibrous tissue layer around the implant --- Blood Compatibility of Biomaterials 25. Which property is essential for a biomaterial to be blood-compatible? a) High surface roughness b) Low thrombogenicity c) High hydrophobicity d) High thermal conductivity Answer: b) Low thrombogenicity 26. The tendency of a material to cause blood clot formation is called: a) Thrombogenicity b) Antigenicity c) Cytotoxicity d) Biodegradation Answer: a) Thrombogenicity 27. Which biomaterial is most commonly used for blood-contacting devices? a) Titanium b) Polyurethane c) Silicone rubber d) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Answer: d) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 28. The complement activation by biomaterials is associated with: a) Blood clotting b) Immune response c) Cell apoptosis d) Protein adsorption Answer: b) Immune response 29. A key test for blood compatibility of biomaterials is: a) Tensile strength test b) Hemolysis assay c) SEM analysis d) X-ray diffraction Answer: b) Hemolysis assay 30. The protein that plays a key role in platelet adhesion on biomaterials is: a) Albumin b) Fibrinogen c) Collagen d) Hemoglobin Answer: b) Fibrinogen — UNIT-II: Metallic and Ceramic Materials: --- Metallic Implants 1. Which of the following is a commonly used metallic material for implants? a) Stainless steel b) Silicon rubber c) Hydroxyapatite d) Polytetrafluoroethylene Answer: a) Stainless steel 2. What is the primary advantage of stainless steel as an implant material? a) High cost b) Biodegradability c) Corrosion resistance d) Flexibility Answer: c) Corrosion resistance 3. The most commonly used stainless steel for implants is: a) 304 stainless steel b) 316L stainless steel c) 202 stainless steel d) 430 stainless steel Answer: b) 316L stainless steel 4. Cobalt-based alloys are preferred for implants because of their: a) Low density b) High wear resistance and strength c) Flexibility d) Cost-effectiveness Answer: b) High wear resistance and strength 5. Which metallic alloy is commonly used for orthopedic implants? a) Nickel-based alloy b) Cobalt-chromium alloy c) Aluminum alloy d) Copper-zinc alloy Answer: b) Cobalt-chromium alloy 6. Titanium-based alloys are widely used in implants due to their: a) Biocompatibility and corrosion resistance b) Low strength and cost c) High density and stiffness d) Fragility Answer: a) Biocompatibility and corrosion resistance 7. Which of the following is an example of a titanium alloy? a) Ti-6Al-4V b) Ni-Ti c) Co-Cr d) 316L stainless steel Answer: a) Ti-6Al-4V 8. Shape memory alloys like Ni-Ti (Nitinol) are used in implants because they: a) Are biodegradable b) Exhibit superelasticity and return to their original shape c) Are lightweight and cost-effective d) Are easily degradable in the body Answer: b) Exhibit superelasticity and return to their original shape 9. The primary application of shape memory alloys in medical devices is in: a) Bone screws b) Orthodontic wires and stents c) Hip replacements d) Dental fillings Answer: b) Orthodontic wires and stents 10. Which property of titanium makes it suitable for dental implants? a) High density b) Low strength c) Osseointegration ability d) Low wear resistance Answer: c) Osseointegration ability --- Ceramic Implants 11. Which of the following is classified as a bioinert ceramic material? a) Hydroxyapatite b) Alumina c) Tricalcium phosphate d) Bioglass Answer: b) Alumina 12. Bioactive ceramics promote: a) Bone growth and integration b) Implant degradation c) High flexibility d) High fracture resistance Answer: a) Bone growth and integration 13. Which of the following is a bioactive ceramic? a) Alumina b) Bioglass c) Zirconia d) Stainless steel Answer: b) Bioglass 14. Hydroxyapatite is primarily used in implants for: a) Joint lubrication b) Enhancing bone-implant bonding c) Reducing implant weight d) Preventing infections Answer: b) Enhancing bone-implant bonding 15. Which property makes zirconia suitable for dental and orthopedic implants? a) High porosity b) High fracture toughness and wear resistance c) Rapid degradation d) Corrosion susceptibility Answer: b) High fracture toughness and wear resistance 16. What is the primary characteristic of biodegradable ceramics? a) They resist degradation in the body. b) They dissolve and are replaced by new tissue over time. c) They are completely inert in biological environments. d) They are electrically conductive. Answer: b) They dissolve and are replaced by new tissue over time. 17. Tricalcium phosphate is a: a) Bioinert ceramic b) Biodegradable ceramic c) Metallic implant material d) Polymer Answer: b) Biodegradable ceramic 18. What is the main advantage of using bioactive ceramics? a) High density b) Resistance to degradation c) Ability to bond chemically with bone d) Electrical conductivity Answer: c) Ability to bond chemically with bone 19. Which bioactive ceramic is commonly used in bone graft substitutes? a) Zirconia b) Tricalcium phosphate c) Bioglass d) Alumina Answer: b) Tricalcium phosphate 20. Ceramic materials are preferred for applications requiring: a) High ductility b) Biocompatibility and wear resistance c) Electrical conductivity d) Rapid degradation Answer: b) Biocompatibility and wear resistance --- Applications of Metallic and Ceramic Implants 21. Metallic implants are primarily used in: a) Soft tissue repair b) Load-bearing applications c) Non-weight-bearing tissues d) Nerve regeneration Answer: b) Load-bearing applications 22. Ceramic implants are commonly used in: a) Joint replacements and dental prostheses b) Ligament repair c) Blood vessel stents d) Heart valves Answer: a) Joint replacements and dental prostheses 23. Titanium alloys are used for orthopedic implants because they: a) Are easily corroded b) Have a low modulus of elasticity closer to bone c) Are biodegradable d) Are magnetic Answer: b) Have a low modulus of elasticity closer to bone 24. Which ceramic is most suitable for hip joint replacements? a) Alumina b) Bioglass c) Tricalcium phosphate d) Hydroxyapatite Answer: a) Alumina 25. One key application of bioresorbable ceramics is in: a) Structural implants b) Temporary bone grafts c) Joint replacements d) Dental crowns Answer: b) Temporary bone grafts 26. Zirconia ceramic is commonly used for: a) Cardiac stents b) Dental crowns and bridges c) Bone graft substitutes d) Sutures Answer: b) Dental crowns and bridges 27. Which material is most commonly used for artificial heart valves? a) Stainless steel b) Titanium c) Bioglass d) Alumina Answer: b) Titanium 28. Hydroxyapatite coatings are applied to metallic implants to: a) Reduce weight b) Improve osseointegration c) Enhance wear resistance d) Increase flexibility Answer: b) Improve osseointegration 29. The primary advantage of ceramic-on-ceramic joint replacements is: a) Low cost b) High durability and low wear rates c) Easy degradation d) High flexibility Answer: b) High durability and low wear rates 30. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of ceramics in implants? a) Brittle nature b) High wear resistance c) Difficulty in machining d) Susceptibility to fracture under high stress Answer: b) High wear resistance — UNIT-III: Polymeric Implant Materials: --- Polymerization 1. Polymerization is defined as the process of: a) Breaking down polymers into monomers b) Combining monomers to form polymers c) Oxidizing polymer chains d) Crosslinking metals Answer: b) Combining monomers to form polymers 2. Which type of polymerization involves the step-by-step addition of monomers? a) Addition polymerization b) Condensation polymerization c) Chain polymerization d) Graft polymerization Answer: b) Condensation polymerization 3. In free radical polymerization, which of the following initiates the reaction? a) UV light b) Heat c) Free radicals d) Water Answer: c) Free radicals 4. Which type of polymerization produces by-products like water or alcohol? a) Addition polymerization b) Condensation polymerization c) Ionic polymerization d) Free radical polymerization Answer: b) Condensation polymerization 5. An example of a polymer formed by addition polymerization is: a) Polyethylene b) Nylon c) Polyurethane d) Collagen Answer: a) Polyethylene --- Factors Influencing Polymer Properties 6. Which factor directly affects the mechanical properties of a polymer? a) Monomer structure b) Degree of polymerization c) Crosslinking density d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above 7. Increased crosslinking in polymers leads to: a) Increased flexibility b) Increased strength and rigidity c) Decreased thermal resistance d) Reduced molecular weight Answer: b) Increased strength and rigidity 8. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer is defined as the temperature at which: a) It melts b) It becomes brittle c) It transitions from a rigid to a flexible state d) Polymerization occurs Answer: c) It transitions from a rigid to a flexible state 9. The crystallinity of a polymer increases its: a) Elasticity b) Strength and melting point c) Transparency d) Biodegradability Answer: b) Strength and melting point 10. A polymer with high molecular weight generally has: a) Lower strength b) Higher mechanical strength c) Reduced stability d) Lower thermal resistance Answer: b) Higher mechanical strength --- Polyamides and Acrylic Polymers 11. Polyamides are widely used in implants because they: a) Have high electrical conductivity b) Are biocompatible and strong c) Are brittle d) Are water-soluble Answer: b) Are biocompatible and strong 12. Which of the following is an example of a polyamide? a) Polyethylene b) Nylon c) Polystyrene d) Silicone Answer: b) Nylon 13. Acrylic polymers like PMMA are commonly used in: a) Bone cement b) Dental fillings c) Intraocular lenses d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above 14. PMMA is preferred for bone cement because it: a) Is biodegradable b) Has excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility c) Causes minimal tissue interaction d) Is easily degraded in the body Answer: b) Has excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility 15. Acrylic polymers are formed through: a) Condensation polymerization b) Addition polymerization c) Graft polymerization d) Ionic polymerization Answer: b) Addition polymerization --- Rubbers and Thermoplastics 16. Rubbers are categorized as: a) Thermoplastics b) Elastomers c) Thermosets d) Ceramics Answer: b) Elastomers 17. Natural rubber is composed of: a) Polysaccharides b) Polyisoprene c) Polycarbonate d) Polystyrene Answer: b) Polyisoprene 18. Which of the following is a high-strength thermoplastic? a) Polypropylene b) Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) c) Silicone rubber d) Polylactic acid (PLA) Answer: b) Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 19. Thermoplastics differ from thermosets because they: a) Can be melted and reshaped b) Are highly brittle c) Are formed by crosslinking d) Decompose on heating Answer: a) Can be melted and reshaped 20. PEEK is commonly used in spinal implants due to its: a) Biocompatibility and high strength b) Degradability c) Electrical conductivity d) High density Answer: a) Biocompatibility and high strength --- Biopolymers 21. Collagen is classified as a: a) Synthetic polymer b) Natural biopolymer c) Inert ceramic d) Metal alloy Answer: b) Natural biopolymer 22. Elastin is a natural biopolymer that provides: a) Rigidity b) Elasticity to tissues c) High melting point d) Conductivity Answer: b) Elasticity to tissues 23. Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer? a) PLA (Polylactic Acid) b) Polyethylene c) Polystyrene d) PMMA Answer: a) PLA (Polylactic Acid) 24. Chitosan is derived from: a) Plant cellulose b) Animal shells like shrimp and crabs c) Fungal proteins d) Synthetic monomers Answer: b) Animal shells like shrimp and crabs 25. Biopolymers like PLA are commonly used in: a) Temporary implants and sutures b) Dental fillings c) Bone plates d) Permanent prostheses Answer: a) Temporary implants and sutures --- Medical Textiles and Applications 26. Silica is used in medical applications primarily as: a) An elastic material b) A reinforcing agent in composites c) A degradable polymer d) A bioactive glass Answer: b) A reinforcing agent in composites 27. Medical textiles made of chitosan are preferred for wound healing due to their: a) Antibacterial properties b) High thermal conductivity c) Inertness d) Low biocompatibility Answer: a) Antibacterial properties 28. The primary application of medical-grade PLA composites is in: a) Permanent implants b) Bone scaffolds and drug delivery systems c) Orthopedic metal replacements d) Electrical implants Answer: b) Bone scaffolds and drug delivery systems 29. Which of the following polymers is commonly used in sutures? a) Polylactic acid (PLA) b) Polystyrene c) PMMA d) Nylon Answer: d) Nylon 30. A major advantage of biopolymers in medical applications is their: a) Non-degradability b) Ability to degrade safely in the body c) High electrical conductivity d) Low mechanical strength Answer: b) Ability to degrade safely in the body — UNIT-IV: Tissue Replacement Implants: --- Soft Tissue Replacements 1. Which of the following is considered a soft tissue replacement material? a) Silicone b) Stainless steel c) Hydroxyapatite d) Titanium alloy Answer: a) Silicone 2. Sutures are primarily used in surgery for: a) Bone fixation b) Tissue approximation and wound closure c) Dental implants d) Skin grafting Answer: b) Tissue approximation and wound closure 3. Absorbable sutures are designed to: a) Be removed manually after healing b) Dissolve within the body over time c) Provide permanent wound support d) Remain inert in the body Answer: b) Dissolve within the body over time 4. Non-absorbable sutures are typically used in: a) Internal organ repairs b) Long-term wound closure c) Temporary wound dressing d) Bone fixation Answer: b) Long-term wound closure 5. Surgical tapes are primarily used for: a) Internal organ repair b) External wound closure c) Bone fixation d) Joint replacement Answer: b) External wound closure --- Adhesives and Percutaneous Implants 6. Which adhesive is commonly used in medical applications for tissue bonding? a) Cyanoacrylate b) Epoxy resin c) Polyurethane d) Silicone rubber Answer: a) Cyanoacrylate 7. Percutaneous implants are designed to: a) Be completely absorbed by the body b) Act as a connection between internal tissues and the external environment c) Replace bone tissue d) Heal soft tissue wounds Answer: b) Act as a connection between internal tissues and the external environment 8. One of the main challenges of percutaneous implants is: a) High strength requirements b) Risk of infection at the skin-implant interface c) Biodegradability d) Limited durability Answer: b) Risk of infection at the skin-implant interface 9. Which material is commonly used for percutaneous implants? a) Titanium b) PLA c) Bioglass d) Nylon Answer: a) Titanium 10. Skin adhesives are used in place of sutures to: a) Support bones b) Create a protective external barrier c) Bond skin edges together d) Increase elasticity Answer: c) Bond skin edges together --- Maxillofacial Augmentation 11. Maxillofacial augmentation is primarily used to: a) Repair damaged bones in the skull and face b) Treat cardiovascular diseases c) Replace hip joints d) Heal skin injuries Answer: a) Repair damaged bones in the skull and face 12. Which material is commonly used for maxillofacial implants? a) PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) b) Polyethylene glycol c) Polystyrene d) Collagen Answer: a) PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) 13. For maxillofacial reconstruction, biocompatibility of the implant material is important to: a) Increase durability b) Minimize immune rejection c) Enhance tissue stiffness d) Increase density Answer: b) Minimize immune rejection 14. Titanium is often used in facial implants because of its: a) Lightweight and corrosion resistance b) Electrical conductivity c) Biodegradability d) Rapid degradation in the body Answer: a) Lightweight and corrosion resistance 15. Which polymer is sometimes used in maxillofacial surgery as a scaffold material? a) Polylactic acid (PLA) b) Epoxy resin c) Polycarbonate d) Styrene-butadiene rubber Answer: a) Polylactic acid (PLA) --- Vascular Grafts 16. Vascular grafts are used to: a) Replace damaged blood vessels b) Heal skin wounds c) Repair fractured bones d) Replace joints Answer: a) Replace damaged blood vessels 17. Which material is commonly used for vascular grafts? a) PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) b) Stainless steel c) PMMA d) Bioglass Answer: a) PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) 18. The main challenge in vascular grafts is to ensure: a) Electrical conductivity b) Long-term blood compatibility c) High stiffness d) Rapid degradation Answer: b) Long-term blood compatibility 19. Biodegradable vascular grafts are preferred for: a) Temporary support to healing tissues b) Permanent replacements c) Electrical implants d) Skin grafts Answer: a) Temporary support to healing tissues 20. Which of the following is a potential complication of vascular grafts? a) Infection b) Blood clot formation c) Graft rejection d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above --- Hard Tissue Replacement Implants 21. Hard tissue replacement implants are primarily used to replace: a) Bones and teeth b) Soft tissues c) Blood vessels d) Skin tissues Answer: a) Bones and teeth 22. Hydroxyapatite is widely used in hard tissue replacements because of its: a) Biodegradability b) Similarity to bone mineral composition c) Electrical properties d) Flexibility Answer: b) Similarity to bone mineral composition 23. Internal fixation devices like screws and plates are made from: a) Titanium and stainless steel b) Silicone c) Polyethylene d) PLA Answer: a) Titanium and stainless steel 24. Which property is critical for internal fixation devices? a) Electrical conductivity b) High strength and corrosion resistance c) Elasticity d) Biodegradability Answer: b) High strength and corrosion resistance 25. Ceramic materials like zirconia are used in dental implants because of their: a) High flexibility b) Fracture toughness and wear resistance c) Electrical conductivity d) Rapid biodegradation Answer: b) Fracture toughness and wear resistance --- Joint Replacements 26. Joint replacements are used to: a) Repair skin injuries b) Replace damaged or diseased joints c) Heal soft tissue wounds d) Increase bone density Answer: b) Replace damaged or diseased joints 27. Which material is commonly used for hip joint replacements? a) Titanium alloy b) Silicone rubber c) PLA d) Chitosan Answer: a) Titanium alloy 28. The femoral component in knee replacements is often made of: a) Cobalt-chromium alloy b) Hydroxyapatite c) Polyethylene d) PLA Answer: a) Cobalt-chromium alloy 29. Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used in joint replacements as: a) A wear-resistant surface b) A biodegradable scaffold c) A load-bearing metal substitute d) A soft tissue implant Answer: a) A wear-resistant surface 30. One of the key concerns in joint replacement implants is: a) Biodegradability b) Wear and tear leading to implant failure c) Electrical conductivity d) Rapid healing Answer: b) Wear and tear leading to implant failure — UNIT-V: Artificial Organs: --- Artificial Blood 1. Artificial blood substitutes are primarily designed to: a) Replace white blood cells b) Perform oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal c) Replace plasma proteins d) Repair damaged blood vessels Answer: b) Perform oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal 2. Which of the following is a commonly used oxygen-carrying component in artificial blood? a) Hemoglobin-based solutions b) Albumin c) Platelets d) Collagen Answer: a) Hemoglobin-based solutions 3. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are used in artificial blood for: a) Clot formation b) Oxygen transport c) Immune response enhancement d) Reducing inflammation Answer: b) Oxygen transport 4. A key advantage of artificial blood over natural blood is: a) Long shelf life b) Compatibility with all blood types c) No risk of infectious disease transmission d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above 5. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) face challenges such as: a) Toxicity b) Low oxygen-carrying capacity c) High viscosity d) Lack of biocompatibility Answer: a) Toxicity --- Artificial Skin 6. Artificial skin is primarily used for: a) Treating bone fractures b) Covering and healing severe burns or wounds c) Replacing joints d) Blood clotting Answer: b) Covering and healing severe burns or wounds 7. Which material is commonly used in artificial skin scaffolds? a) Collagen b) Titanium c) Hydroxyapatite d) Stainless steel Answer: a) Collagen 8. Silicone-based artificial skin is often used due to its: a) Flexibility and durability b) High strength c) Oxygen transport capability d) Electrical conductivity Answer: a) Flexibility and durability 9. The main challenge with artificial skin implants is: a) Risk of rejection by the body b) Inability to provide physical support c) Low durability d) Lack of elasticity Answer: a) Risk of rejection by the body 10. Bi-layered artificial skin typically consists of: a) Epidermal and dermal components b) Metal and ceramic layers c) Plasma and red blood cells d) Collagen and hemoglobin layers Answer: a) Epidermal and dermal components --- Artificial Heart and Cardiac Pacemaker 11. The primary function of an artificial heart is to: a) Restore oxygen transport b) Replace damaged heart valves c) Temporarily or permanently replace the heart's pumping action d) Repair coronary arteries Answer: c) Temporarily or permanently replace the heart's pumping action 12. The first successfully implanted total artificial heart was called: a) Jarvik-7 b) Syncardia c) Medtronic Heartmate d) AbioCor Answer: a) Jarvik-7 13. A cardiac pacemaker is used to: a) Replace heart valves b) Regulate abnormal heart rhythms c) Improve oxygen transport d) Replace blood vessels Answer: b) Regulate abnormal heart rhythms 14. Which energy source powers modern pacemakers? a) External batteries b) Lithium-ion batteries c) Solar cells d) Kinetic energy Answer: b) Lithium-ion batteries 15. The main risk associated with pacemaker implantation is: a) Blood clotting b) Infection c) Device rejection d) Loss of oxygen transport Answer: b) Infection --- Prosthetic Cardiac Valves 16. Prosthetic cardiac valves are designed to replace: a) Blood vessels b) Heart valves that are damaged or diseased c) Heart muscle tissue d) Coronary arteries Answer: b) Heart valves that are damaged or diseased 17. Which type of prosthetic valve mimics the natural valve most closely? a) Mechanical valve b) Bioprosthetic valve c) Polymer valve d) Metal valve Answer: b) Bioprosthetic valve 18. A disadvantage of mechanical heart valves is: a) Limited durability b) High risk of infection c) Need for lifelong anticoagulant therapy d) Low efficiency Answer: c) Need for lifelong anticoagulant therapy 19. Bioprosthetic valves are often made from: a) Synthetic polymers b) Animal tissue like bovine or porcine pericardium c) Metal alloys d) Ceramic materials Answer: b) Animal tissue like bovine or porcine pericardium 20. Which mechanical heart valve design is commonly used? a) Ball-and-cage valve b) Tilting disc valve c) Bileaflet valve d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above --- Artificial Lung (Oxygenator) 21. The function of an artificial lung (oxygenator) is to: a) Replace blood circulation b) Oxygenate blood during surgeries c) Replace damaged alveoli permanently d) Perform immune responses Answer: b) Oxygenate blood during surgeries 22. Oxygenators are commonly used during: a) Bone surgeries b) Cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries c) Dental procedures d) Kidney transplants Answer: b) Cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries 23. Which of the following is a key material in oxygenator membranes? a) Silicone rubber b) Stainless steel c) Polycarbonate d) Hydroxyapatite Answer: a) Silicone rubber 24. A complication of oxygenator use is: a) Blood clot formation b) Electrical malfunction c) Low oxygen delivery d) Skin irritation Answer: a) Blood clot formation 25. Modern oxygenators use hollow fiber membranes for: a) Maximizing gas exchange efficiency b) Increasing blood flow rate c) Preventing infections d) Enhancing mechanical strength Answer: a) Maximizing gas exchange efficiency --- Artificial Kidney (Dialyser Membrane) 26. The function of the artificial kidney (dialyser) is to: a) Remove metabolic waste and excess fluid from the blood b) Replace red blood cells c) Filter oxygen into the blood d) Control blood pressure Answer: a) Remove metabolic waste and excess fluid from the blood 27. The main component of a dialyser membrane is: a) Polysulfone b) Titanium c) Collagen d) Polyethylene Answer: a) Polysulfone 28. In hemodialysis, diffusion occurs across the dialyser membrane to: a) Remove waste products b) Replace damaged tissues c) Pump blood to the lungs d) Replace immune cells Answer: a) Remove waste products 29. The key challenge in designing dialyser membranes is to: a) Ensure high mechanical strength b) Maintain biocompatibility and prevent clotting c) Reduce electrical resistance d) Increase degradation rates Answer: b) Maintain biocompatibility and prevent clotting 30. Which waste product is primarily removed by artificial kidneys? a) Oxygen b) Urea c) Collagen d) Protein Answer: b) Urea —