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# 7C Muscles and Bones ## 1. Muscles and Breathing | Term | Definition | |---|---| | Breathing | The movement of muscles that allows us to take in and excrete gases. | | Respiration | Process by which oxygen is used to release energy—produces carbon dioxide. | | Gas Exchange | One gas is exchanged...

# 7C Muscles and Bones ## 1. Muscles and Breathing | Term | Definition | |---|---| | Breathing | The movement of muscles that allows us to take in and excrete gases. | | Respiration | Process by which oxygen is used to release energy—produces carbon dioxide. | | Gas Exchange | One gas is exchanged for another—oxygen goes into the blood, carbon dioxide leaves the blood. | | Gas Exchange System | The organs that help with breathing/gas exchange—lungs, trachea, diaphragm. | | Muscle Cell Adaptations | Can change shape—contract (become short and fat) and relax (back to original shape). | | Inhale | Breathing in | | Exhale | Breathing out | | Inhalation | The muscles in the diaphragm contract, moving it downwards. Muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the ribs up and out. Lungs increase in size allowing air to flow in. | | Exhalation | The muscles in the diaphragm relax so it rises. Muscles between the ribs relax, moving the ribs down and in. Lungs decrease in size pushing air out. | | Ventilation | The movement of air into and out of the lungs. | | Breathing Rate | Number of times you inhale and exhale in one minute. | ## 2. Muscles and Blood | Term | Definition | |---|---| | Pulse | The feeling of the heart beating that can be felt. | ## 3. The Skeleton | Term | Definition | |---|---| | Bone Structure | Spongy bone material keeps bones light. Compact bone material is hard and strong. Bone marrow inside bone reduces mass of bone. | | Skeleton | Formed by the bones in the body—allows for support, protection and movement. | | Backbone | Made up of smaller vertebrae—the bodies main support. | | Skull | Made up of 22 bones—protects the brain. | | Tendons | Connects muscle to bones. | | Ligaments | Connects bones together. | ## 4. Muscles and Moving | Term | Definition | |---|---| | Locomotor System | The system that allows you to move parts of the body—muscles and bones. | | Biomechanics | The study of how muscles and bones work together. | | Movement | Muscles contract and pulls on bone it is attached to. | | Antagonistic Pairs | Pairs of muscles that allow bones to move in two different directions. | | Biceps and Triceps | When you lift your arm, the biceps muscle contracts. When you put your arm down, the triceps muscle contracts. | ## 5. Drugs | Term | Definition | |---|---| | Drugs | Substances which changes the way the body works. | | Medicine | Drugs used to help people with illness/injury. | | Side-Effects | Harmful/unpleasant effects of using drugs. | | Addictive | Feeling of not being able to cope without the drug. | | Recreational Drugs | Drugs taken for pleasure—caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. | | Cannabis | Can cause memory loss and mental illness. | | Ecstasy | Can cause mental illness, kidney damage and death. | | Cocaine | Addictive and blocks arteries. | | Heroin | Addictive, collapses veins, causes vomiting & headaches. | | Reaction Time | The time taken to respond to a stimulus. | | Stimulants | Decrease your reaction time—impulse carried faster. e.g. caffeine | | Depressants | Increase your reaction time—impulses carried slower. e.g. alcohol | **Diagram:** A diagram of the human skeleton and the arm with bicep and triceps muscles is included in the document. It shows the different parts of the body and how they work together. **Impulses & Mitochondria:** *Impulses:* Messages sent from the brain that tell muscles to contract. *Mitochondria:* Where respiration happens in cells producing energy. **Note:** The document also included a section about "how the heart pumps blood" and various other related anatomical information. The information is presented in a tabular format to describe functions of specific organs and body parts.