Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions PDF

Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 1. Network Protocols Explain how protocols enable network opera- tions. 2. Network Communications Explain the basic operation of...

Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 1. Network Protocols Explain how protocols enable network opera- tions. 2. Network Communications Explain the basic operation of data networked Process communications. 3. Data Encapsulation Explain how data encapsulation allows data to be transported across the network. 4. Peer-to-peer network In small businesses and homes, many comput- ers function as both the servers and clients on the network. 5. Small Home networks Small home networks connect a few computers to each other and to the internet. 6. Small Office and Home Of- The SOHO network allows a home office or a fice (SOHO) networks remote office to connect to a corporate network, or access centralized, shared resources. 7. Medium to Large networks These are used by corporations and schools and can have many locations with hundreds or thousands of interconnected hosts. 8. World Wide networks The internet is a network of networks that connects hundreds of millions of computers world-wide. 1 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 9. Hosts All computers that are connected to a network and that participate directly in network commu- nication. 10. Servers Computers with specialized software that en- ables servers to provide information to other end devices on the network. 11. Single-purpose server A server providing only one service, such as web pages. 12. Multipurpose server A server providing a variety of services such as web pages, email, and file transfers. 13. Client computers Computers that have software installed that en- ables them to request and display the informa- tion obtained from the server. 14. File Server Stores corporate and user files in a central location, accessed by client devices with client software. 15. Web Server Runs web server software and clients use their browser software to access web pages on the server. 16. Email Server Runs email server software and clients use their mail client software to access email on the server. 2 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 17. Typical Sessions A typical network user normally uses some type of computing device to establish many connec- tions with network servers. 18. Wi-Fi network A wireless network that allows devices to con- nect to the internet and other resources. 19. Search engine A software system designed to carry out web searches, allowing users to find information on- line. 20. Search Submission Her search is submitted wirelessly from her device to the school's network. 21. Search Data Addressing The search data is addressed so that it can find its way back to Terry. 22. Search String Encoding The search string of binary data is encoded into radio waves and is converted into electrical sig- nals that travel on the school's wired network to reach the school's Internet Service Provider's (ISP) network. 23. Search Engine Processing A combination of technologies take Terry's search to the search engine website, where the request is processed by the Search Engine's servers. 24. Search Results Encoding The results are then encoded and addressed to her school and eventually to Terry's device. 25. Gaming Console Connec- Michelle uses a gaming console to play games tion against other players. 26. ISP Connection Her network connects to an ISP using a router and a cable modem that allow her home net- 3 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e work to connect to a cable TV network belong- ing to Michelle's ISP. 27. Cable Network Connec- The cable wires for Michelle's neighborhood tion all connect to a central point on a telephone pole and then connect to a fiber-optic network that connects many neighborhoods served by Michelle's ISP. 28. Gaming Data Transmis- When Michelle connects her gaming console to sion a company that hosts a popular online game, her actions in her game become data that is sent to the gamer network. 29. Game Data Identification Information that identifies Michelle, the game she is playing, and Michelle's network location are added to the game data. 30. High-Speed Data Sending The pieces of data that represent Michelle's game play are sent at high speed to the game provider's network. 31. Game Results Return The results are returned to Michelle in the form of graphics and sounds. 32. Cloud Service for Medical Dr. Ismael Awad frequently needs to consult Data with other specialists on patient cases. His hos- pital has taken subscription to a special service called Cloud that allows medical data including patient x-rays to be stored at a central location that is accessible over the internet. 33. X-ray Data Digitization When a patient has an X-ray taken, the image is digitized as data. 4 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 34. Encrypted Data Transmis- The hospital uses network services that en- sion crypt the image data and patient information. 35. Data Interception Preven- This encrypted data cannot be intercepted and tion read as it travels across the internet to the cloud service provider's data centers. 36. Data Center Routing The data is addressed so that it can be routed to the cloud provider's data center to reach the correct services that provide storage and retrieval of high-resolution digital images. 37. Digital Interaction in All of this interaction is digital and takes place Healthcare using networked services that are provided by the medical cloud service. 38. Cybersecurity Analysts' Cybersecurity analysts need to have a deep Role understanding of how networks operate. 39. Traffic Pathways Traffic from a computer to an internet server can take many paths. 40. Data Transmission Cables A combination of copper and fiber-optic cables that go over land and under the ocean carry data traffic. 41. ISPs Connection Global Tier 1 and Tier 2 ISPs connect portions of the internet together, usually through an In- ternet Exchange Point (IXP). 42. Point of Presence (PoP) Larger networks connect to Tier 2 networks through a Point of Presence (PoP), which is usually a location in the building where physical connections to the ISP are made. 43. Tier 3 ISPs 5 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e The Tier 3 ISPs connect homes and businesses to the internet. 44. Lab Objective In this lab, you will use two route tracing utilities to examine the internet pathway to destination networks. 45. Traceroute Utility Use the traceroute utility on the Linux command line. 46. Web-based Traceroute Use a web-based traceroute tool. Tool 47. Protocols Rules that govern communication between de- vices. 48. Network Protocols Means for computers to communicate on net- works. 49. Message Encoding Specifies how messages are formatted for transmission. 50. Message Formatting Determines the structure of the messages ex- changed. 51. Encapsulation The process of wrapping data with protocol in- formation. 52. Message Size Specifies the allowable size of messages in transmission. 53. Timing Defines the timing for message delivery and acknowledgment. 54. Delivery Options Specifies how messages are delivered be- tween devices. 6 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 55. Hypertext Transfer Proto- A protocol used for transferring hypertext re- col (HTTP) quests and information on the internet. 56. Transmission Control Pro- A protocol that ensures reliable transmission of tocol (TCP) data over a network. 57. Internet Protocol (IP) A protocol for addressing and routing packets of data across networks. 58. IPv4 The fourth version of the Internet Protocol, widely used for network addressing. 59. IPv6 The most recent version of the Internet Proto- col, designed to replace IPv4. 60. Message Structure Specifies how the message is formatted or structured. 61. Path Sharing The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks. 62. Session Management Manages the setup and termination of data transfer sessions. 63. Information Sharing Specifies how and when error and system mes- sages are passed between devices. 64. TCP/IP Protocol Suite The protocol suite used by the internet and modern networks. 65. 7 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e Open Standard Protocol A protocol suite that is freely available to the Suite public. 66. Standards-Based Protocol A protocol suite endorsed by the networking Suite industry and approved by a standards organi- zation. 67. Domain Name System Translates domain names into IP addresses. (DNS) 68. DHCPv4 Dynamically assigns IPv4 addressing informa- tion to clients at start-up. 69. DHCPv6 Dynamically assigns IPv6 addressing informa- tion to clients at start-up. 70. SLAAC A method that allows a device to obtain its IPv6 addressing information without using a DHCPv6 server. 71. SMTP Enables clients to send email to a mail server. 72. POP3 Enables clients to retrieve email from a mail server. 73. IMAP Enables clients to access and maintain email stored on a mail server. 74. FTP Sets the rules for accessing and transferring files over a network. 75. SFTP Used to establish a secure file transfer session with encryption. 76. 8 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e FTP (File Transfer Proto- Sets the rules that enable a user on one host col) to access and transfer files to and from another host over a network. 77. SFTP (SSH File Transfer Used to establish a secure file transfer session Protocol) in which the file transfer is encrypted. 78. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer A simple and connectionless protocol with Protocol) best-effort, unrecognized file delivery. 79. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer A set of rules for exchanging text, graphic im- Protocol) ages, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web. 80. HTTPS (HTTP Secure) A secure form of HTTP that encrypts the data that is exchanged over the World Wide Web. 81. REST (Representational A web service that uses application program- State Transfer) ming interfaces (APIs) and HTTP requests to create web applications. 82. TCP (Transmission Con- Enables reliable communication between trol Protocol) processes running on separate hosts and pro- vides reliable transmissions that confirm suc- cessful delivery. 83. UDP (User Datagram Pro- Enables a process running on one host to send tocol) packets to a process running on another host. 84. IPv4 (Internet Protocol ver- Receives message segments from the trans- sion 4) port layer, packages messages into packets, and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery over a network. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address. 85. IPv6 (IP version 6) Similar to IPv4 but uses a 128-bit address. 86. NAT (Network Address Translates IPv4 addresses from a private net- Translation) work into globally unique public IPv4 address- es. 9 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 87. ICMPv4 (Internet Con- Provides feedback from a destination host to a trol Message Protocol for source host about errors in packet delivery. IPv4) 88. ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6) Similar functionality to ICMPv4 but is used for IPv6 packets. 89. ICMPv6 ND (ICMPv6 Includes four protocol messages that are used Neighbor Discovery) for address resolution and duplicate address detection. 90. OSPF (Open Shortest Path Link-state routing protocol that uses a hierar- First) chical design based on areas. OSPF is an open standard interior routing protocol. 91. EIGRP (Enhanced Interi- A Cisco proprietary routing protocol that uses or Gateway Routing Proto- a composite metric based on bandwidth, delay, col) load and reliability. 92. BGP (Border Gateway Pro- An open standard exterior gateway routing pro- tocol) tocol used between Internet Service Providers (ISPs). 93. ARP (Address Resolution Provides dynamic address mapping between Protocol) an IPv4 address and a hardware address. 94. Ethernet Defines the rules for wiring and signaling stan- dards of the network access layer. 95. WLAN (Wireless Local Defines the rules for wireless signaling across Area Network) the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies. 96. Message Formatting and When a message is sent from source to desti- Encapsulation nation, it must use a specific format or structure. 10 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 97. Message formats Depend on the type of message and the chan- nel that is used to deliver the message. 98. Encapsulation The process of placing one message format (the letter) inside another message format (the envelope). 99. De-encapsulation Occurs when the process is reversed by the recipient and the letter is removed from the envelope. 100. Internet Protocol (IP) A protocol responsible for sending a message from the message source to destination over one or more networks. 101. Message Size Refers to the limitation of messages that are usually broken into smaller parts or sentences for easier processing. 102. Flow Control Defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered. 103. Response Timeout Specifies how long to wait for responses and what action to take if a response timeout oc- curs. 104. Access Method Determines when someone can send a mes- sage, particularly in a wireless LAN. 105. Unicast A one-to-one delivery option means there is only a single destination for the message. 106. Multicast A one-to-many delivery option used when a host needs to send messages to multiple des- tinations. 107. Broadcast A one-to-all message delivery option used if all hosts on the network need to receive the message at the same time. 11 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 108. Layered Model Used to modularize the operations of a network into manageable layers. 109. Benefits of Layered Model Includes assisting in protocol design, fostering competition, preventing technology changes, and providing a common language. 110. Open System Interconnec- A layered model used to describe network op- tion (OSI) Reference Mod- erations. el 111. TCP/IP Reference Model Another layered model used to describe net- work operations. 112. Encoding The process of converting messages into bits for transmission across the network. 113. Decoding The process by which the destination host re- ceives and interprets the signals to understand the message. 114. Message Formatting The specific format rules that a message must follow to be delivered and processed over a computer network. 115. Network Media The medium over which bits are transmitted, which can include sounds, light waves, or elec- trical impulses. 116. Proper Format The correct arrangement of information, such as the address of the sender and receiver on an envelope. 117. Message Processing 12 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e The act of receiving and understanding mes- sages, often requiring messages to be broken into smaller parts. 118. Transmission The act of sending messages across a network. 119. Wireless LAN A local area network that uses wireless com- munication methods. 120. Network Protocols Rules that define how data is transmitted and received over a network. 121. Message Delivery Options Different methods of communication on a net- work, including unicast, multicast, and broad- cast. 122. OSI Model A model that provides consistency within all types of network protocols and services by de- scribing what must be done at a particular layer. 123. TCP/IP Model Also referred to as the internet model, it de- scribes the functions that occur at each layer of protocols within the TCP/IP suite. 124. Application Layer (OSI) Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications. 125. Presentation Layer (OSI) Provides representation of the data transferred between application layer services. 126. Session Layer (OSI) Provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data ex- change. 127. Transport Layer (OSI) Defines services to segment, transfer, and re- assemble the data for individual communica- tions between the end devices. 128. Network Layer (OSI) Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network. 13 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 129. Data Link Layer (OSI) Describes methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media. 130. Physical Layer (OSI) Describes the mechanical, electrical, function- al, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission between devices. 131. Application Layer (TCP/IP) Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control. 132. Transport Layer (TCP/IP) Supports communication between various de- vices across diverse networks. 133. Internet Layer (TCP/IP) Determines the best path through the network. 134. Network Access Layer Controls the hardware devices and media that (TCP/IP) make up the network. 135. Segmentation The process of dividing a stream of data into smaller units for transmissions over the net- work. 136. Benefits of Segmentation Increases speed and efficiency by allowing more data to be sent without tying up a commu- nications link and only requiring retransmission of failed segments. 137. Multiplexing Allows many different conversations to be inter- leaved on the network. 138. Sequencing The process that ensures each segment of the message gets to the correct destination and can be reassembled similar to the content of the original message. 14 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 139. TCP Responsible for sequencing the individual seg- ments during transmission. 140. Protocol Data Units Various protocol information added at each lev- el as application data is passed down the pro- tocol stack. 141. Data Encapsulation The process of adding protocol information at each layer as application data is passed down the protocol stack. 142. Protocol Data Unit (PDU) The form that a piece of data takes at any layer of the protocol stack. 143. Encapsulation Process The process where each succeeding layer en- capsulates the PDU it receives from the layer above according to the protocol being used. 144. PDU Naming At each stage of the encapsulation process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new functions. 145. UDP PDU Referred to as a datagram. 146. IP Packet Sometimes referred to as an IP datagram. 147. Data The general term for the PDU used at the ap- plication layer. 148. Segment The PDU used at the transport layer. 149. Packet The PDU used at the network layer. 150. Frame The PDU used at the data link layer. 151. Bits The PDU used at the physical layer when phys- ically transmitting data over the medium. 152. Transport Layer Uses protocol addresses in the form of port numbers to identify network applications. 15 / 16  Understanding Network Protocols and Their Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio40e 153. Network Layer Specifies addresses that identify the networks that clients and servers are attached to. 154. Data Link Layer Specifies the devices on the local LAN that should handle data frames. 155. Client-Server Communica- Requires all three addresses from the trans- tion port, network, and data link layers. 156. Encapsulation Example The encapsulation process works from top to bottom, treating upper layer information as data within the encapsulated protocol. 157. De-encapsulation The process used by a receiving device to re- move one or more of the protocol headers. 158. Wireshark A software protocol analyzer, or 'packet snif- fer', used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and edu- cation. 159. Network Protocols Specify many features of network communi- cation such as message encoding, formatting, encapsulation, and delivery options. 160. Application Layer Proto- Common protocols include DNS, DHCP, POP3, cols and HTTPS. 161. OSI Model Has seven layers. 162. TCP/IP Model Has four layers. 163. Segmentation The process of breaking data into a series of smaller pieces to be sent over the network. 164. Multiplexing Increased speed gained because many data conversations can happen at the same time on the network. 16 / 16