Nutritional Requirements and their relation to Health & Disease PDF

Nutritional Requirements and their relation to Health & Disease By Dr Khadeejah Liman Hamza Community Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria August 2023  Outline Introduction RDA Factors that affect nutriti...

Nutritional Requirements and their relation to Health & Disease By Dr Khadeejah Liman Hamza Community Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria August 2023  Outline Introduction RDA Factors that affect nutritional requirements Guiding principles for Nutritional requirement Energy Requirements Protein Requirements Fats Requirements Micronutrient Requirement Conclusion  Introduction Basic concepts Specific groups of the human population have defined nutrient requirements for promotion , protection and maintenance of their health Human nutrition concerns itself with these requirements  Introduction 2 Definition of Terms : a variety of terms are used in the definition of amounts of nutrients required by humans OPTIMUM REQUIREMENT: level at which the body functions at top form MINIMUM REQUIREMENT: level below optimum , may compromise function SAFE LEVEL OF INTAKE: upper limit of consumption limit , above which could be injurious RECOMMENDED INTAKE/ALLOWANCE( RDA)  RDA Recommended Daily Allowance or Recommended Daily Intake refers to the amount of nutrients sufficient for the maintenance of health in nearly all individuals (97.5%) They are reference standards of nutritional intake Minimum requirements plus a generous extra (safety margin) due to individual variations and stresses of every day life  Reference Persons for RDA MAN WOMAN 20-30 years of age 20-30 years of age 60kg weight 50kg weight Free of disease Free of disease Physically active for Physically active for work work Moderate activity for Moderate activity for 8hours 8hours In bed 8hrs In bed 8hrs  Factors that affect Nutritional Requirements Age Sex Working condition Body composition Physical activity Physiological state Infection/infestation Stress Emotional state Nutritional individuality to avoid over feeding  Guiding principles for nutritional requirement 1. Daily requirement of protein must be met, 15-20% of daily energy intake 1. Fat limited to 20-30 % of energy intake 2. CHO rich in fiber should provide the rest of energy 3. Micronutrient requirement must be met  Energy Requirements 3 components : 1. Required for basal metabolism 1kcal/hr/kg BodyWeight nearly same for all persons 2. For daily activities 3. For occupational work  Energy Requirements 2 Level of intake in relation to expenditure Finely balanced Surplus stored as fat, if storage is continuous leads to obesity  Energy Requirements 3 Pregnant women +300kcal for tissue deposits Lactating (0-6) +550kcal for milk production Lactating (>6months) +400kcal for milk production Children and adolescents, more energy per kgBW than adults due to increased metabolic rate, puberty Adults and elderly decreased requirements with increasing age due to decreased basal metabolism and decreasing activity  Protein Requirements Protein measured in g/kgBW and assessed by its: 1. Quality: amino acid score, or amount of Nitrogen retained as a percentage of nitrogen consumed 2. Quantity :energy from protein as a percentage of total energy in diet Diet must fully satisfy energy requirements otherwise its protein estimate is invalid because protein will be diverted for energy purposes  Protein Requirements 2 Pregnancy increased by 14g/day Lactation increased by 25g/day s0-6months) Young children (0-6years) more for each kgBW more than adults Illness increases requirement for formation and repair of tissues(infection ,infestation) need all EAA Stress increases requirement Emotional states increase requirement (maternal deprivation with PEM)  Fats requirements Infancy : >50% as source of energy Adults : about 20% Suggested dietary intake of fat: Fats Requirements …2 Fat intake g/day energy% Adults: 20 9 man /woman Pregnant 30 12.5 woman Lactating 45 17.5 woman Older child 22 9 Younger 25 15 child  Other Nutrients requirements Fat soluble vitamins Water soluble vitamins minerals  Conclusion Dietary patterns vary depending upon climatic conditions, tastes, habits of people and cultural taboos, customs, religion, economic capacity etc. Thank you