Nursing as a Profession PDF

NCM TFN (PRELIM) g) Demography  is the study of population, including Nursing as a Profession, an Art and Science...

NCM TFN (PRELIM) g) Demography  is the study of population, including Nursing as a Profession, an Art and Science statistics about distribution by age and Criteria of a Profession place of residence, mortality (death), and morbidity (incidence of disease). o A profession is defined as a vocation on or h) Nursing Shortage occupation that requires specialized education, i) Collective Bargaining training, and expertise, along with a j) Nursing Associations commitment to ethical conduct and the  Professional nursing associations application of specialized knowledge to serve have provided leadership that affects society or meet the needs of clients. many areas of nursing. (ACEN and o A profession is generally distinguished from CCNE) other kinds of occupations.  As a result, nurse graduates are better a) Its requirement of prolonged, prepared to meet the demands of specialized training. society b) An orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) organization. o Describe nursing as a dynamic, caring, c) Ongoing research helping relationship in which the nurse assists d) Code of ethics the client to achieve and obtain optimal e) Autonomy health. f) Professional organization American Nurses Association (ANA) Two terms related to profession need to be differentiated o “Direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and the 1. Professionalism community during health and illness” (ANA, o refers to professional character, spirit 1973). or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility Florence Nightingale and commitment. o “The act of utilizing the environment of the 2. Professionalization patient to assist him in his recovery” o is the process of becoming (Nightingale, 1860). professional, that is of acquiring o Nightingale considered a clean, well – characteristics considered to be ventilated and quiet environment essential for professional. recovery. Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Virginia Henderson Practice o “The unique function of the nurse is to assist a) Health care reform the individual, sick or well, in the performance b) Quality and safety in health care of those activities contributing to health or its  Consumer Demands c) Family Structure recovery or the peaceful death.” d) SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY Certain themes are common to many of these e) Information, Telehealth and Telenursing definitions f) Legislation  Legislation about nursing practice and  Nursing is caring. health matters affects both the public  Nursing is an art. and nursing.  Nursing is a science.  Changes in legislation relating to  Nursing is a client centered. health also affect nursing. For  Nursing is holistic. example, the Patient Self  Nursing is adaptive. Determination Act (PSDA) requires  Nursing is concerned with health promotion, that every competent adult be health maintenance, and health restoration. informed in writing on admission to a  Nursing is a helping profession. health care institution about his or her rights to accept or refuse medical care and to use advance directives Recipients of Nursing o Performing diagnostic and assessment procedures, such as The Recipients of Nursing are sometimes called measuring blood pressure and consumers, sometimes patients, and sometimes examining feces for occult blood. clients. o Consulting with other health care o A consumer is an individual, a group of professionals about client problems. people, or a community that uses a service for o Teaching clients about recovery community. People who use health care activities, such as exercises that will products or services are consumers of health accelerate recovery after a stroke. care. o Rehabilitating clients to their optimal o A patient is a person who is waiting for or functional level following physical or undergoing medical treatment and care. The mental illness, injury, or chemical word patient comes from a Latin word addiction. (patiens) meaning “to suffer” or “to bear”.  Restore Health Traditionally, the person receiving health care o Is a core focus of nursing practice, has been called a patient. aiming to help individuals recover from o A client is a person who engages the advice illness, injury, or health challenges to or services of another who is qualified to achieve optimal functioning. provide this service. The term client presents o 4 Examples of nursing practices the receivers of health care as collaborators in aimed at restoring health the care, that is, as people who are also  Direct Patient Care - responsible for their own health. Administering medications, performing wound care, or Scope of Nursing providing treatments to address acute or chronic Three Types of Clients conditions. Nurses provide care for three types of clients:  Health Monitoring and individuals, families, and communities. Nursing Assessment - Regularly practice involves four areas: promoting health and assessing patients’ conditions, wellness, preventing illness, restoring health, and care monitoring vital signs, and of the dying. recognizing changes that may require intervention. Four Areas of Nursing Practice  Patient Education - Teaching  Promoting health and wellness patients and families about o Wellness is a state of well-being. It managing illnesses, means engaging in attitudes and medications, and lifestyle behavior that enhance the quality of changes to facilitate recovery. life and maximize personal potential.  Rehabilitation Support - o Nurses promote wellness in clients Helping patients regain who are both healthy and ill. strength, mobility, and o This may involve individual and independence after illness or community activities to enhance injury through physical, healthy lifestyles. occupational, or speech  Preventing illness therapy o The goal of illness preventing  Care of the Dying programs is to maintain optimal health o This area of nursing practice involves by preventing disease. comforting and caring for people of all o Nursing activities that prevent illness ages who are dying. include: Nurses have different degree of nursing autonomy and  Immunizations nursing responsibility in the various settings.  Prenatal and infant care  Prevention of sexually They may provide direct care, teach clients and transmitted disease support persons, serve as nursing advocates and o Providing direct care to the ill agents of change, and help determine health policies person, such as administering affecting consumers in the community and in hospitals. medications, baths, and specific procedures and treatments. Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice 3. As a teacher, the nurse helps clients learn about their health and the health care o Establishing and implementing standards of procedures they need to perform to restore or practice are major functions of a professional maintain their health. organization. 4. Counselor o The standards: 5. Client advocate  Reflect the values and priorities of the 6. Leader nursing profession. 7. Manager, the nurse manages the nursing care  Provide direction for professional of individuals, families, and communities. The nursing practice. nurse also delegates nursing activities to other  Provide a framework for the nurses and supervises and evaluates their evaluation of nursing practice. performance.  Define the profession's accountability 8. Nurses case managers work with the to the public and client outcomes for multidisciplinary health care team to measure which nurses are responsible. the effectiveness of the case management (ANA) Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice plan and to monitor outcomes. Each agency or unit specifies the role of the nurse case o Assessment: the nurse collects patient manager. health data. 9. Research consumer. nurses often use o Diagnosis: the nurse analyzes the research to improve client car a clinical area, assessment data in determining diagnoses. nu need to: o Outcome identification: The nurse identifies  Awareness of the process and expected outcomes individualized to the language of research. patient.  Be sensitive to rights of human o Planning: the nurse develops a plan of care subjects. that prescribes interventions to attain  Identification of significant expected outcomes. researchable problems. o Implementation: the nurse implements the  Be a discriminating consumer of interventions identified in the plan of care. research findings. o Evaluation: the nurse evaluates the patients 10. Expanded career roles such as those of progress toward attainment of outcomes. nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse Roles and researcher, and nurse anesthetist, all of which allow greater independence and autonomy. Nursing as a Science o Nursing began as a desire to keep people healthy and to provide comfort and assurance to the sick. o Although the general goals of nursing have remained relatively the same over the centuries, ever-advancing science and the changing of society's needs have deeply influenced the practice of nursing. o Everybody knows that the nursing profession Functions of the Nurse has two different sides—it is both science and 1. Caregiver encompasses the physical, art. psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and o Nursing as a ‘Science'...Gradually, as the body spiritual levels. The nursing process provides of scientific knowledge grew, nurses aware of nurses with a framework for providing care. a the basic principles for practice. nurse may provide care directly or delegate it o The art has long been accepted. The science to other caregivers. has been recognized recently. Hence nursing 2. Communicator, communication is integral to is both a science and an art. all nursing roles. Nurses communicate with the What is a Science? client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community. It requires systemized knowledge derived from observation, critical thinking, study and research. “Nursing is an art; and if it is to be made an art, it Problem solving requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a preparation, as any painter's or sculptor's work." - o The mental activity of identifying a problem (unsatisfactory state) and finding a reasonable Florence Nightingale solution to it. “The science of nursing is the knowledge base for the o Requires decision making; may or may not care that is given, and the art of nursing is the skilled require the use of critical thinking. application of that knowledge to help others achieve Decision Making maximum health and quality of life". o The process of choosing the best action to Art Science o Care o Degree Qualified take - the action most likely to produce the o Compassion o Skilled and desired outcome. Involves deliberation, o Communication Knowledgeable judgment, and choice. o Support o Professional o Decision must be made whenever there are o Reassurance o Сараble and mutually exclusive choices, but not necessarily o A Spiritual Calling Competent problems. Conclusion: Nursing is indeed an art and science. Clinical Reasoning Science helps to explain the work of a nurse, while art addresses the human connections, empathetic o Logical thinking that links thoughts together in communication, and dedicated care and compassion meaningful ways. Clinical reasoning is that make nursing a critical element of healthcare. reflective, concurrent and creative thinking about patients and patient care. Nursing as a Science Reflection or Reflective Judgment Outline: o A kind of critical thinking that considers a A. Critical Thinking /Problem Solving broad array of possibilities and reflects on the B. Nursing Process merits of each in a given situation. 1) Assessment o Essential when a problem is complex and has 2) Nursing Diagnosis no simple "correct” solution. 3) Outcome Identification & Planning 4) Intervention Clinical Judgment 5) Evaluation o The use of values or other criteria to evaluate 6) Documentation or draw conclusion about information. Definition of Key Terms o Clinical judgments are conclusions and opinions about patient’s health, drawn from Nursing Process patient data. They may or may not be made using critical thinking. o A systematic, creative approach to thinking and doing that nurses use to obtain, categorize Analysis/Critical Analysis and analyze patient data and to plan actions to meet patient needs. o Analysis: The process of breaking down o A type of problem-solving process requiring materials into component parts and identifying the use of decision making, clinical judgment the relationship among them. and variety of critical thinking skills. o Critical analysis: Is the questioning applied to a situation or idea to determine essential Critical Thinking information and ideas and discard superfluous information and ideas. o Goal-oriented, purposeful thinking that involves many mental attitudes and skills, such Characteristics of Critical Thinking as determining which data are relevant and making inferences. 1. Rational and Reasonable o Essential when a problem is ill-defined and o based on reasons, not on prejudice, does not have a single ‘best’ solution. preferences, self-interest, or fear. o The art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking so as to make your thinking 2. Involves Conceptualization more clear, precise, accurate, relevant, o Concept -– mental image of reality, consistent and fair. ideas about events, objects or relationship between them Critical Thinking Attitudes 7. Fairmindedness o Making impartial judgments "Treating 1. Intellectual Humility all viewpoints alike, without reference o Means being aware of the limits of to one's own feelings or vested your knowledge and realizing that the interests, or those of one's friends, mind can be self-deceptive community or nation. o Admitting lack of knowledge or skill 8. Interest in exploring thoughts and feelings can enable you to grow professionally o The critical thinker knows that o Rethinking conclusions in light of new emotions can influence thinking and knowledge that all thoughts create some level of o Involves both cognitive (thinking) and feeling. attitude (feelings) o Involves creative thinking Critical Thinking Skills  It results in innovative ideas 1. Using language and products o Precise, specific o Involves knowledge o Avoid cliches, jargon, euphemisms  Nursing knowledge 2. Perceiving “Scientific knowledge” - o Avoiding selective perception facts, information, principles, o Recognizing differences in perception theories, research findings 3. Believing and knowing and conceptual models. Used o Distinguishing facts from interpretation to describe, explain, and o Supporting facts, opinions, beliefs and predict. preferences  Ethical knowledge - o Inference - a conclusion reached on Knowledge of professional the basis of evidence and reasoning standard of conduct o Opinion - a view or judgment formed  Personal knowledge - about something, not necessarily knowing and actualizing based on fact or knowledge oneself o Judgement - the ability to make  Practice wisdom - acquired considered decisions or come to from intuition, tradition, sensible conclusions authority, trial and error, 4. Clarifying clinical experience 2. Intellectual Courage o Questioning to clarify meaning of words and phrases o Being willing to consider and examine o Questioning to clarify issues, beliefs, fairly your own beliefs and the views of and points of view others, especially those to which you 5. Comparing may have a strongly negative reaction. o Noting similarities and differences 3. Intellectual Empathy o Classifying o The ability to imagine yourself in the o Comparing and contrasting ideals and place of others in order to understand actual practice them and their actions and beliefs. o Transferring insights to new context 4. Intellectual Integrity 6. Judging / Evaluating o Being consistent in the thinking o Providing evidence to support standards you apply (e.g. clarity, judgments accuracy, completeness) – holding o Develop evaluation criteria yourself to the same rigorous 7. Reasoning standards of proof to which you hold o Recognizing assumptions others. 5. Intellectual Curiosity o Distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant data o An attitude of inquiry o Evaluating sources of information o Having a mind filled with questions o Generating and evaluating solutions 6. Faith in reason o Exploring implications, consequences, advantages/disadvantages o Implies that people can, and should learn to think logically for themselves o Not afraid of disagreement