NTSC 1112 Module 5 Air Pollution PDF

Video: Air Pollution NTSC 1112 Module # 5: Air Pollution Jemma K. Andersen Objectives Identify the various kinds of outdoor air pollution in order to recognize the problems related to pollutants. Differentiate between the ozone layer and ground...

Video: Air Pollution NTSC 1112 Module # 5: Air Pollution Jemma K. Andersen Objectives Identify the various kinds of outdoor air pollution in order to recognize the problems related to pollutants. Differentiate between the ozone layer and ground level ozone in order to recognize that ozone is necessary. Video – Layers of the atmosphere Regions of the Atmosphere 3 Regions of the Atmosphere Troposphe Stratosph Mesosphe Thermosp Tropopaus re ere re here e Earth’s Earth’s Meteors burn Inversion Serves as a innermost global up, coldest result of ‘barrier’ that layer - sunscreen – place on extremely causes water Closest to filters out earth low density vapour to Earth’s harmful UV Defines the of molecules. condense as surface radiation exosphere International ice (~1km), Extends 17 - from which space station tropopause Made up on 48 km above molecules folding’ nitrogen, Earth’s and ions can where strat oxygen, surface escape the air intrudes water vapor atmosphere into lower and carbon levels dioxide (exchange 75-80% of mechanisms) Earth’s air mass is found here Contains the air we breathe and responsible for weather and climate 4 The Ozhttps://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ozone-depletion-101/ one Layer  The Ozone Layer Ozone (O3) is a gaseous molecule that occurs in different parts of the atmosphere. It is very reactive and dangerous to plant and animal life when they are present in the lower portions of the atmosphere – ground level ozone. Ozone occurs in a portion of the stratosphere and forms the ozone layer. Ozone that occur naturally in the stratosphere is called stratospheric ozone and is beneficial as it blocks harmful radiation from the sun. - The Sun emits different types of light and include; x-rays, visible light, microwaves and ultraviolet light, each having a different wavelength. - The shorter the wavelength, the greater the amt. of energy in that light. UV light have the shortest wavelength and hence the greatest amt. of energy. The Ozone molecules in the ozone layer absorbs UV light,  The Ozone Layer – How its being depleted?  One specific class of halocarbon, The Ozone Hole Appears Each Year chlorofluorocarbons (C FCs);  Produced in the 1970s for use in 1985 -researchers detected an area of refrigerators, fire extinguishers, propellants for spray cans, and thinned ozone concentration, called the cleaners for electronics; ozone hole, forming every spring over CFCs are very nonreactive Antarctica. However, in the stratosphere, C FC s are broken down by UV radiation into chlorine and carbon atoms, which then split many ozone molecules.  The Depletion of the Ozone Layer The Ozone layer is being depleted due to human CFCs and ODS action – UV light activities. remove a chlorine atom from CFC How? molecules, leading tor>> reduction of 1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) AND ozone molecules >>thinning of the 2. Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) ozone layer>>creating holes on the Both are extremely stable and stays in ozone layer atmosphere for a long time, eventually reaching the stratosphere and destroying the ozone layer. CFCs – Used as refrigerants, degreasing solvents and propellants Video – Ozone Depletion  Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion Three (3) types of UV light, based on their wavelength: UV –A light UV-B light UV –C light The ozone layer in the Marine Humans and stratosphere absorbs all UV- Ecosystems Animals Damage to cellular Cellular damage C light and most of UV-B. division and leading to skin cancer, development of organism. cataract and blindness. When the ozone layer is depleted, higher levels of UV-B reached Earth Plants causing: Mutation, cell Greater amt. of UV rays affect plant’s form, nutrient distribution, metabolism and reproduction. death, damage to biomolecules, leading to cancers, por vision, blindness Policies to Reduce Ozone Destruction Video: The Montreal Protocol 1973 – Scientists calculated high CFCs and may reach the stratosphere and break apart destroying thew ozone. 1987 - CFCs spray cans banned in US and Scandanavian countries 1995 – Montreal Protocol implemented to control the production and consumption of 96 chemicals that destroy the ozone layer  Comparison of Early Atmosphere to Modern day Atmosphere Modern day When did it all Early Atmosphere Atmosphere begin??? Formation of Earth 4.5 bya contain Hydrogen and Helium - 78% Nitrogen Volcanoes produced water vapor, CO2 and NH3 and little O2 - 20.9% Oxygen London THEN - 0.03 % Carbon Dioxide Smog 1952 CO2 declined because of: - Cyanobacteria - 0.9 0% Argon - Dissolving in the ocean - 0.17 % other gases - Locked up in rocks and fossil fuels. Donora Fluoride Fog 1948 11 Air Pollution What is Air Pollution, types and Video: Air Pollution sources? Definition: The presence of gaseous and particulate contaminants in Earth’s atmosphere. Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Chemicals/substances emitted directly Primary pollutants react with one another and into the air from natural processes and human activities at high concentrations. other components to form new harmful chemicals. Sources of Air Pollution: Agricultural Outdoor Air Pollution – Exposures of Source – particulates outside of the built environment Stationary Operations that Source – An E.g. the particles produced from the burning of emission source Mobile Source – A raise animals and source that moves grow crops, which coal that does not under its own emits gases and move. E.g., Indoor Air Pollution – Exposures of factories, power, such as particulate matter. particulates, carbon oxides and other vehicles E.g., manure, powerplants and fertilizers, pollutants carried by indoor air or dust. E.g. dry cleaners. pesticides, household products and chemicals. herbicides.  Sources of Air Pollution Stationary Emission that does not move E.g. factories, power plants. source/Point Small sources if air pollution Area source E.g. Residential wood burners, landfills, housing development. Source that moves on its own Mobile source E.g. cars, buses, vehicles, land mowers, planes, trains. Agricultural Arise from operations that raise animals and grow crops E.g. Animals, manure and ammonia. Sources Caused by natural resources and NOT by people or their Natural source activities E.g. Volcanoes, forest fires, plants and trees  Major Air Pollutants Particulates Ozone Carbon Oxides Suspended A colorless and Carbon Monoxides (CO) – A colorless particulate Matter odorless toxic gas. Produced by the highly reactive (SPM) consists of a incomplete combustion of material. odorless gas. variety of solid Derived from vehicle exhaust, 1.Particulate Matter particles and liquid Ground level ozone burning of forests, power plants, 2.Ozone is created by a tobacco smoke, open fires. In the droplets that are 3.Carbon Oxides body it reduces the transport of small and light chemical reaction oxygen by combining with 4.Sulphur oxides enough to remain between oxides of hemoglobin, depriving cells, leading suspended in air for 5.Nitrogen Oxides nitrogen and to nausea, vomiting, coma. a long time. It 6.Lead volatile organic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – Comes from causes irritation of compounds in the the carbon cycle and from human 7.Volatile Organic the nose and presence of activities, such as burning fossil throat, damages Compounds (VOCs) fuels. Leads to climate change and the lungs, sunlight. It causes warming of the atmosphere aggravate asthma coughing and temperature. and bronchitis, breathing problem, corrode metals and aggravates lung  Major Air Pollutants Sulphur Oxide (SO2) – Nitrogen Oxide (NO) – Colorless irritating gas. Colorless gas produced in automobile 1.Particulate Matter engines, coal burning, lightning, certain Comes from volcanoes, 2.Ozone bacteria and industrial plants. power and industrial plants, oil refinery and Reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide 3.Carbon Oxides smelting of iron ores. NO2, which reacts with water vapor to form 4.Sulphur oxides Converted to aerosols with nitric acid and are harmful. 5.Nitrogen Oxides droplets of sulfuric acid NO and NO2 forms photochemical smog. 6.Lead that returns to Earth as 7.Volatile Organic Lead (Pb)- Emitted acid deposition. Volatile Organic Compounds Compounds (VOCs) from motor vehicles (VOCs) – Compounds that exists as and industrial gases in the atmosphere. Examples are sources. hydrocarbons emitted by the leaves of plants and methane (CH4).  Definition: Air pollution that reduces visibility and usually include a mixture of smoke and fog. Smog Two types: Industrial Smog and Photochemical Smog. Industrial Smog – Mixture of Sulphur dioxide, Sulfuric acid and solid particles Video: The Science of in air. Smog Photochemical Smog – Mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed in the presence of UV radiation. Occurs when exhaust from vehicular traffic releases large amt. of VOCs and NO into the air. NO is converted to reddish brown NO2 causing it to turn brown. Industrial Smog Industrial Smog Formed when coal and oil is burnt and releases carbon which is converted to carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and combine with fog Sulphur comp’d in coal and oil also react with O2 to form sulphur dioxide 18  Photochemical Smog Photochemical Smog - Formed when nitrogen oxides is mixed with VOC from natural and human activities in the presence of UV radiation - Visible as a brown haze - Prominent on mornings and afternoon - Warmer temperatures leads to higher levels of ozone and other components 19  Acid Deposition Effects of acid rain Acid deposition is the deposition of acid or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere on Earth’s surface. Formed when Acid –forming pollutants - Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates reacts with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to form low acid Ph.  Impacts of Acid Deposition Effects of Acid Rain Acid Deposition in Northeastern Forests has … - Harm crops;  - Accelerated leaching of base cations (ions such as C a 2+, M - Reduce plant productivity – remove calcium and magnesium from soil; g2+, N A+, and K+, which counteract acid deposition) from soil - Causes soil to release aluminum, lead, cadmium and mercury ions; - Damage structures and buildings; -  - llowed sulfur and nitrogen to accumulate in soil, where excess Contribute to human respiratory diseases; N can overfertilize native plants and encourage weeds - Leach toxic metals (mercury and lead from soils to aquatic systems and drinking water sources:  - Increased dissolved inorganic aluminum in soil, hindering - Accumulate in tissues of fish and then eaten by people. plant uptake of water and nutrients  - Leached calcium from needles of red spruce, causing trees to die from wintertime freezing  - Increased mortality of sugar maples due to leaching of base cations from soil and leaves  - Acidified 41% of Adirondack, New York, lakes and 15% of New England lakes  - Diminished lakes’ capacity to neutralize further acids  - Elevated aluminum levels in surface waters  - Reduced species diversity and abundance of aquatic life, affecting entire food webs  How are we addressing Acid Deposition? The Clean Air Act of The cap-and-trade program 1990 established the successfully reduced S O2 Acid Rain Program to emissions in the United fight acid deposition. States by 67%. This program set up an emissions trading program for sulfur dioxide, allocating permits for S O2 pollution and allowing emitters to buy, sell, or trade these allowances.  Created a strong economic incentive to reduce emissions.  Effects of Air Pollution on the Human Body  Effects of Air Pollution – Respiratory System The respiratory system protects us from air pollution in the following ways: - Hairs in your nose filters large particles out; - Cilia that lines the system warms and filters the air as it passes along; - Mucus captures smaller particles and dissolves gaseous pollutants; However, prolong exposure to air pollutants can Video The Human Respiratory System overload these natural defenses allowing particles to become lodge deep in the lungs and lead to heart attacks, cancer, asthma and stroke. How air pollution is destroying our health: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/how-air- pollution-is-destroying-our-health  Air Pollutants and Health Risks Who is more at risk? Include substances such as mercury (from coal-burning power Rural areas and plants), V O C s (from gasoline), Industrializing and methylene chloride (found in paint stripper). Nations How/ Airborne pesticides from farms Heal Cancer why th Industrial pollutants that drift from Risk distant cities s Reproductive defects Methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia from animal waste in large feedlots Fumes from natural gas extraction Neurological sites development Proliferating factories and power plant Immune system Automobiles problems Use of wood, charcoal, and coal for Respiratory problem cooking and home heating. Outdated, heavily polluting technology because it is cheaper and quicker to build. Natural factors that reduces air pollution Settling of heavier Rain and snow cleanse the particles out of the air atmosphere Chemical reactions that remove air pollutants Winds sweep pollutants Salty Sea spray washes away and dilutes them out pollutants causing them to mix with cleaner air.  Causes of Air Pollution Urban Buildings - Slow wind speed and reduces dilution of pollutants Hills and Mountains – Reduce the air flow in valleys below them and allow pollutants to build up at ground level. High temperatures – Promotes chemical reactions leading to the formation of photochemical smog Emission of VOCs from certain trees and plants – Promote the formation of photochemical smog. Vertical Movement of air Factors that affect Formation of Photochemical and Industrial Smog Outdoor Air Pollution reduced by: Outdoor Air Pollution increased by: 1. Pollutants particle size – particles 1. Urban buildings – slow wind speed and heavier than air settle out of the reduce dilution and removal of pollutants atmosphere. 2. Hills and mountains – reduce the flow 2. Rain and Snow – Helps cleanse the air of air in valleys below them and allow 3. Salt sea spray – wash out particles from pollutants to build up at ground level. air over land. 3. High Temperatures – Promote the 4. Wind sweep – Sweep pollutants away, chemical reactions to produce diluting them and bringing in cleaner air photochemical smog 5. Chemical reactions – compounds 4. Emission of VOCs - from certain trees react with water vapor to form droplets and lead to photochemical smog. and then fall off as acid rain. 5. Vertical Movement of Air – Temperature Inversion (see next slide) 28 Indoor Air Pollution 29 Indoor Air Pollution Video: Indoor Air Pollution The indoor air in homes and buildings can be more polluted than outdoor air. There are many sources and include contaminants, such as bacteria, molds, pollen, tobacco smoke, burning of wood, building material, furnishings, household products. Sick Building Syndrome – Building occupants have health and safety symptoms associated with spending time in that building. Causes include inadequate ventilation, indoor air pollution and biological contaminants. Causes of Indoor Air Pollution Indoor burning of wood, charcoal, dung, crop residues, coal and other fuels in open fires. Also smoking and vaping. The most diverse indoor pollutants are V O Cs that are released by plastics, oils, perfumes, paints, adhesives, cleaning fluids, new furnishing, new carpeting, laser printers, and fax machines. The health effects of chronic V OC exposure are mostly unknown, because they exist in low concentrations and individuals are exposed to mixtures of many different types. 31  Solution to Air Pollution Indoor Air Pollution 32  References 1. Video – Air Pollution 101: https://youtu.be/e6rglsLy1Ys 2. Video- Layers of the Atmosphere: https://youtu.be/DftEDVzGnMg 3. Video – Ozone Depletion: https://youtu.be/aU6pxSNDPhs 4. Montreal Protocol - https://youtu.be/OINKJNWtSiE and https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/montreal-protocol 5. What is Air Pollution: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air-pollution 6. Video – Air Pollution: https://youtu.be/oCP0mfCEdvE 7. Video – The Science of Smog: https://youtu.be/CdbBwIgq4rs 8. Video – The Human Respiratory System: https://youtu.be/cL0mP3IfmHE 9. How air pollution is destroying our health: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health 10. Video – Indoor Air Pollution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqRPRwO79kg