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# Research and Development ### R\&D Expenditure * **Definition**: R\&D expenditure comprises current and capital expenditure (both private and governmental) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and to...

# Research and Development ### R\&D Expenditure * **Definition**: R\&D expenditure comprises current and capital expenditure (both private and governmental) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and to devise new applications of available knowledge. R\&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development. * **Unit**: Percentage of GDP ### R\&D Personnel * **Definition**: R\&D personnel are all persons employed directly in R\&D, as well as those providing direct services such as R\&D managers, administrators, and clerical staff. R\&D personnel should include researchers, technicians and other supporting staff. * **Researchers**: Professionals engaged in the conception and creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and also in the management of the R\&D projects involved. * **Technicians and equivalent staff**: Persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, physical and life sciences, or social sciences and humanities. They participate in R\&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. * **Other supporting staff**: Skilled and unskilled craftsmen, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R\&D projects or directly associated with such projects. * **Unit**: Full-time equivalent ### Government Budget Allocations for R\&D (GBAORD) * **Definition**: Government budget allocations for R\&D (GBAORD) includes all budget allocations to R&D, whether these allocations are implemented by government, business enterprises, higher education institutions or private non-profit organisations. It identifies government support for R\&D, reflecting national priorities and the degree of government support for science and technology. * **Unit**: Percentage of GDP ### Gross Domestic Product (GDP) * **Definition**: Gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the value of the products. Value added is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption; it is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector. GDP is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. * **Unit**: Current US dollars