NRS Lec Reviewer PDF

Scope Impact: Defines what the study will cover the areas Acknowledging limitations helps readers of focus and extent of the investigation. understand potential biases and Key elements include: weaknesses in the study's findin...

Scope Impact: Defines what the study will cover the areas Acknowledging limitations helps readers of focus and extent of the investigation. understand potential biases and Key elements include: weaknesses in the study's findings. Issues: Specifies the themes or topics the How to Write Scope and Delimitations study will address. Identify the Study's Purpose: Clarify why Respondents: Defines the specific group or the study is being conducted and its population being studied. objectives. Time Frame: Indicates the period the study Define Scope Clearly: Outline the topics, focuses on (e.g., specific years or events). population, and time frame. Type of Data: Set Boundaries with Delimitations: Qualitative: Non-numerical data (e.g., Establish what will and won’t be covered. interviews, observations). Acknowledge Limitations: Be transparent Quantitative: Numerical data (e.g., about factors that could affect outcomes. surveys, statistics). Delimitations Hypotheses in Research Establishes boundaries to manage the A hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or study's focus. answer to a research question, formed at Examples of delimiting factors: the beginning of an investigation. Geographic Location: The specific setting It is not proven but tested to explore or place where the study is conducted. relationships between phenomena and Participant Selection: Criteria for who is variables. included or excluded. Purposes of Hypotheses: Data Sources: Selection of specific types of Link Theory and Reality: Hypotheses help documents, articles, or data. evaluate theories based on real-world Purpose: observations. To clarify the specific choices made by the Guide Research: They determine research researcher. design, data collection, analysis, and Helps avoid over-generalizing results by interpretation. setting realistic limits. Enhance Knowledge: Hypotheses foster Limitations critical thinking and deeper insights. Factors that could impact the accuracy or Categories of Hypotheses validity of the study but are beyond the Directional Hypothesis: Specifies not only researcher’s control. the existence of a relationship but also its Common limitations: expected direction. Data Accessibility: Not all required data Example: "Increasing sunlight exposure might be available. leads to higher levels of vitamin D." Sampling Issues: Difficulty in obtaining a Non-Directional Hypothesis: truly representative sample. States the existence of a relationship Methodological Constraints: Limited by without predicting its direction. specific statistical or analytical methods. Example: "There exists a relationship between diet and mood." Characteristics of Hypotheses Composed of: Concepts: Basic ideas symbolizing aspects A strong hypothesis is: of reality. Testable Propositions: Statements showing Clear relationships between concepts, derived Verifiable from theories. Simple and Understandable Key Characteristics of Theories: Aligned with Existing Knowledge Human-made abstractions based on Types of Hypotheses observable facts and the theorist's creativity. Associative Hypothesis: Tentative; they can be refined or discarded Identifies variables that are associated with through research. each other. Unprovable but represent the best attempt Example: "Success in nursing college is to explain phenomena. related to passing the nursing licensure Types of Theories: exam." Grand Theories (Macro Theories): Explain Causal Hypothesis: broad aspects of human experience, like Specifies a cause-and-effect relationship learning theories or behavioral functioning. between variables and is often directional. Middle-Range Theories: Explain specific Example: "People who smoke are more aspects of human experience, such as likely to develop lung cancer." decision-making or stress. Simple Hypothesis: Models Predicts the relationship between one Visual or symbolic representation of independent and one dependent variable; phenomena to make abstract ideas more can be associative or causal. understandable. Example: "Pre-operative instructions reduce Types of Models: patient anxiety before surgery." Conceptual Model: Groups concepts Complex Hypothesis: around a central theme to provide a Predicts relationships involving multiple conceptual perspective on related independent and/or multiple dependent phenomena. variables. Schematic Model (Conceptual Map): Example: "Hereditary factors, home Uses diagrams (boxes, arrows) to represent environment, and quality of instruction are phenomena of interest. related to intelligence and academic Statistical Model: Uses mathematical performance." equations to describe relationships and their Null Hypothesis: magnitudes among variables. Assumes no relationship or difference Frameworks between variables; can be associative, A brief explanation of a theory or structure causal, simple, or complex. of ideas that supports research. Example: "There is no relationship between Provides a rationale for developing research smoking and lung cancer." questions and forms the foundation of the Framework in Research study’s approach. An abstract explanation that describes how phenomena are interrelated. Types of Frameworks: Categories of References: Theoretical Framework: Primary Sources: Original studies or Based on established theories. firsthand accounts (e.g., empirical studies, Uses interrelated concepts found in existing oral history, published diaries). literature (like a "ready-made map"). Secondary Sources: Summaries or interpretations of primary studies (e.g., Conceptual Framework: reviews, replications). Structures concepts for the study as a Preparation Steps for a Literature “map.” Review: More flexible and not based solely on Library Visits and Literature Search established theories but rather on concepts Organizing the Review: relevant to the research topic. Locate literature using indexes, abstracts, and catalogues. Reviewer on Conducting a Literature Read thoroughly and extract key Review for Research information. Indexing and Abstracting Services: Definition and Purpose of Literature Tools like CINAHL and MEDLINE help in Review: obtaining journal articles and relevant A literature review summarizes theoretical publications. and empirical sources, presenting known Synthesis of Ideas: and unknown aspects of a research topic. Summarize, quote accurately, paraphrase, It involves a comprehensive collection of and acknowledge sources using footnotes relevant readings and sources (books, or endnotes. articles, theses, etc.), highlighting principles, Documentation Techniques: trends, and practices relevant to the study. Summarizing: Express main ideas in a Purposes of Conducting a Literature concise manner. Review: Quoting: Directly use the author’s Assists in refining and selecting the statements with accurate citation. research topic. Paraphrasing: Restate information in your Provides better understanding of the own words while retaining the original research topic. meaning. Prevents duplication of existing studies. Electronic Sources for Research: Helps in locating additional sources. Includes online catalogs, bibliographic Guides the research design. databases, and platforms such as ERIC and Aids in comparing findings with previous PsycINFO. research. Steps for Conducting a Review: Types of Related Literature: Identify potential sources. Conceptual Literature: Includes sources Locate and screen them for relevance. such as encyclopedias, books, journals, and Read relevant sources and take notes. commentaries. Organize, analyze, and integrate findings. Research Literature: Comprises theses, Write the literature review. dissertations, and published or unpublished studies. Design and Planning Phase in Research Quasi-Experimental Research: Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase Mimics experimental research without Researchers make critical decisions on random assignment. research methods to address the research When Used: Field settings or when question and plan for data collection. randomization is impractical. Key Steps in the Design and Planning Examples: Post-test only, pretest-posttest Phase: with nonequivalent groups, interrupted Selecting a Research Design time-series design. Developing Protocols for interventions. Types of Non-Experimental Studies: Identifying the Study Population Correlational Research: Designing a Sampling Plan Studies relationships among variables Specifying Variable Measurement Methods without controlling them. Protecting Human/Animal Rights Descriptive Studies: Finalizing and Reviewing the Research Documents aspects of situations and Plan describes relationships without implying Research Approaches: causation. Quantitative Research: Comparative Studies: A scientific, objective, and systematic Compares intact groups to find performance process using numerical data. differences on dependent variables. Used to describe, examine relationships, Evaluative Surveys and Methodological and test cause-effect interactions. Studies: Characteristics: Empirical, formal, with Focuses on developing and evaluating minimized biases, ensuring validity. research methods and procedures. Qualitative Research: Problem Solving: Interpretative, subjective approach focusing Research solutions to specific issues (e.g., on human experiences. nursing care requirements). Data is narrative and analyzed based on Decision-Making Studies: personal responses. Chooses the best solution from alternatives Characteristics: Naturalistic, emphasizes for policy and practice. understanding complex human behaviors. Case Studies: Experimental vs. Non-Experimental In-depth exploration of individual or small Research: sets of cases. Content Analysis: Experimental Research: Synthesizes and dissects information from Involves active researcher intervention. documents. Key Elements: Manipulation, control (control Feasibility Studies: groups), and randomization. Assesses the viability of potential projects or Types of Designs: Basic (after-only), programs. factorial, crossover. Cross-Sectional Designs: Pros and Cons: Offers strong control over Collects data at one point in time to study variables but may face ethical limitations current conditions. (e.g., Hawthorne effect). Longitudinal Designs: Collects data over extended periods to observe changes over time. Significance of the Study Importance of the Problem: Explain why the investigated problem matters. Relevance to Needs: Highlight how the study addresses specific needs. Potential Contributions: Adds new knowledge. Impacts policy and practical applications. Significance to Nursing: Targets populations. Benefits nursing education, practice, and society. Definition of Terms To facilitate understanding, terms are defined as per their contextual usage. This clarity helps avoid misunderstandings. Types of Definitions Conceptual Definition: Universal and general definition. Derived from sources like dictionaries and literature. Operational Definition: Researcher’s own term definition as applied in the study. Concrete and measurable, based on observable traits. Lexical Definition: Taken from authoritative sources. Requires proper citation. Kinds of Operational Definitions Denotative: Literal meaning (e.g., "Father" as a male parent). Connotative: Associative or implied meaning (e.g., "Father" as strong, provider, head of the family).