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**[Research Design]** - Refers to the overall plan or strategy for conducting a research study. Different research designs offer distinct methods and approaches to gather and analyze data. - Research design serves as the roadmap for researchers, outlining the steps and procedures t...

**[Research Design]** - Refers to the overall plan or strategy for conducting a research study. Different research designs offer distinct methods and approaches to gather and analyze data. - Research design serves as the roadmap for researchers, outlining the steps and procedures to address research questions. - It determines the type of data to be collected, methods of data collection, and the appropriate statistical analysis. I. **QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN** - Focuses on numerical data, statistical analysis, and objective measurements. - Is used to examine the relationship between variables by using numbers and statistics to explain and analyze its findings. - Example - You want to make a study about "Patients who are experiencing discomfort due to fracture hips". What do you think will be the possible title? -- "The Level of Discomfort Experienced by Patients With Fractured Hips" **[Types of Quantitative Research Design]** A. Descriptive Research Design B. Correlational Research Design C. Quasi-Experimental Research Design D. Experimental Research Design E. Case-Control Research Design **A. Descriptive Research Design** 1. **Describes and documents characteristics or phenomena**: - **Explanation**: Descriptive research is focused on detailing and recording the features, attributes, or occurrences of a particular subject or situation. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of what is being studied without manipulating variables. 2. **Use interviews, unstructured observation, structured observations**: - **Explanation**: - **Interviews**: Conversations with participants to gather detailed, personal insights and opinions. - **Unstructured observation**: Observing subjects in their natural environment without a predefined checklist, allowing for the capture of spontaneous behaviors and interactions. - **Structured observations**: Observing subjects using a predefined set of criteria or checklist, which allows for more systematic and objective data collection. 3. **Checklist guides and questionnaires to describe the phenomenon being studied**: - **Explanation**: - **Checklist guides**: Tools that outline specific items or aspects to be observed or recorded. They help ensure that all relevant information is collected consistently. - **Questionnaires**: Written sets of questions designed to gather information from participants. They can be used to collect data on attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics related to the phenomenon being studied. **Overall Summary** Descriptive research design is used to systematically describe and document various aspects of a particular phenomenon. It employs various methods, including interviews, different types of observations (unstructured and structured), and tools like checklists and questionnaires to gather detailed information about the subject of study. This approach helps researchers to provide a thorough account of what they observe or measure, without altering the variables involved. **B. Descriptive Research Design** 1. **Describes and documents characteristics or phenomena**: - **Simple Explanation**: This type of research is all about explaining and recording what something is like. It focuses on detailing what you see or find out without changing anything. 2. **Use interviews, unstructured observation, structured observations**: - **Simple Explanation**: - **Interviews**: Talking to people to get their personal opinions and experiences. - **Unstructured observation**: Watching what happens naturally without any set rules for what to look for. - **Structured observations**: Watching and noting down specific things using a prepared list of what to check. 3. **Checklist guides and questionnaires to describe the phenomenon being studied**: - **Simple Explanation**: - **Checklist guides**: Lists of items or features to look for and record. - **Questionnaires**: Sets of questions given to people to gather their responses and opinions. **Overall Summary** Descriptive research is used to describe and record details about something. It involves talking to people, watching things happen with or without a set plan, and using tools like checklists and questionnaires to collect and organize information. **A. Correlational Research Design** 1. **This seeks to discover if two variables are associated or related in some way, using statistical analysis, while observing the variable**: - **Simple Explanation**: This type of research looks at whether two things (variables) are connected or related to each other. For example, it might explore if more hours of study are related to higher test scores. Researchers use statistics to figure out if and how strongly these two things are connected. 2. **This research is premised on the thinking that it is not enough to say that something happens, but more importantly, one must find out what really happened**: - **Simple Explanation**: It's not just about noticing that two things occur together; it's also about understanding the nature of their relationship. For instance, it's important to explore how study hours and test scores are linked, not just that they seem to be connected. 3. **No manipulation of variables**: - **Simple Explanation**: In this type of research, researchers do not change or control the variables. They simply observe and analyze the existing relationships between them. 4. **Data collection through surveys or existing records**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers collect information using surveys (questionnaires) or by looking at data that is already available, such as public records or previous studies. 5. **Statistical analysis to determine the strength and direction of the relationship**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers use statistical tools to measure how strong the connection is between the two variables and whether the relationship is positive (one goes up as the other goes up) or negative (one goes up as the other goes down). **Overall Summary** Correlational research is used to find out if and how two things are related to each other without changing anything. Researchers look at existing data or use surveys to gather information and then use statistics to analyze the strength and type of relationship between the variables. **B. Correlational Research Design** 1. **Looking for relationships between two things (variables)**: - **Simple Explanation**: This research checks if two things (like how much you study and your test scores) are related or connected in some way. It uses numbers and statistics to find out how they might be linked. 2. **Understanding what happens, not just noticing it**: - **Simple Explanation**: It's not just about seeing that two things happen together; it's about understanding how and why they are connected. 3. **No changing or controlling variables**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers just observe and measure the variables without changing anything. They don't alter the study conditions. 4. **Using surveys or existing data to collect information**: - **Simple Explanation**: Data is gathered through questionnaires or by looking at data that is already available, like records or previous studies. 5. **Using statistics to measure the connection**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers use mathematical tools to find out how strong the relationship is between the two things and whether the connection is positive (one thing increases as the other increases) or negative (one thing increases as the other decreases). **Overall Summary** Correlational research explores if and how two things are related without changing anything. It gathers data through surveys or existing records and uses statistics to understand the strength and type of their relationship. **A. Quasi-Experimental Research Design** 1. **Are studies that aim to evaluate interventions but do not use randomization**: - **Simple Explanation**: This type of research looks at how different treatments or interventions work, but unlike some other methods, it doesn't use random assignment (randomly deciding who gets which treatment). 2. **This research studies the cause-and-effect relationships when random assignment is not feasible or ethical**: - **Simple Explanation**: It's used to understand how one thing (like a treatment) affects another (like health outcomes) when it's either not possible or not right to randomly assign people to different groups. 3. **This is similar to experimental design but lacks random assignment**: - **Simple Explanation**: It's like an experiment where you test different treatments, but instead of randomly assigning people to groups, you use existing groups or natural situations. 4. **Pre-existing groups or natural settings are utilized**: - **Simple Explanation**: Instead of creating new groups randomly, you work with groups that already exist or use real-life situations as they are. **Overall Summary** Quasi-experimental research evaluates how different treatments or interventions affect outcomes but doesn't use random assignment to create groups. It's useful when random assignment isn't possible or ethical. Instead, researchers use existing groups or real-life settings to study cause-and-effect relationships. **B. Quasi-Experimental Research Design** 1. **Evaluates treatments or interventions without random assignment**: - **Simple Explanation**: This research looks at how different treatments or actions affect people but doesn't randomly assign who gets which treatment. Instead, it uses existing groups or situations. 2. **Studies cause-and-effect when random assignment isn't possible or ethical**: - **Simple Explanation**: It explores how one thing (like a new therapy) affects another (like patient recovery) when it's not possible or fair to randomly choose who receives the therapy. 3. **Similar to experiments but without random assignment**: - **Simple Explanation**: It's like an experiment where you test different treatments, but you don't randomly put people into different groups. Instead, you work with groups that already exist. 4. **Uses existing groups or real-life settings**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers study groups that are already formed or use real-life situations rather than creating new experimental groups. **Overall Summary** Quasi-experimental research examines how different treatments or interventions impact people without randomly assigning them to groups. It's useful when random assignment isn't possible or ethical, and it uses existing groups or natural settings to understand cause-and-effect relationships. **A. Experimental Research Design** 1. **Known as the "hard science" due to its rigorous control of variables**: - **Simple Explanation**: Experimental research is very precise and strict. It carefully controls different factors to ensure accurate results, which is why it\'s often called "hard science." 2. **Establishes cause-and-effect relationships**: - **Simple Explanation**: This research method is used to find out how one thing (cause) directly affects another thing (effect). For example, it helps determine if a new drug actually improves health compared to no treatment. 3. **Manipulates the independent variable to see its effect on the dependent variable**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers change one thing (independent variable) to see how it impacts another thing (dependent variable). For example, they might change the dose of a medication and observe how it affects patient symptoms. 4. **Conducted in special settings**: - **Simple Explanation**: These studies are often done in controlled environments like laboratories or research centers to keep conditions consistent and manage variables more effectively. 5. **Key components of an experimental study**: - **Manipulation Group**: - **Simple Explanation**: This group experiences the change or treatment being tested. For example, if testing a new drug, this group receives the drug. - **Control Group**: - **Simple Explanation**: This group doesn't receive the treatment or gets a standard treatment. It's used for comparison to see how the new treatment performs against no treatment or the usual treatment. **Overall Summary** Experimental research involves carefully controlled studies to find out how changing one thing affects another. It uses special settings and includes both a manipulation group (which receives the treatment) and a control group (which doesn't) to accurately determine cause-and-effect relationships. **B. Experimental Research Design** 1. **Known as the "hard science" due to its rigorous control of variables**: - **Simple Explanation**: Experimental research is very strict and careful about controlling factors to get precise results. It\'s considered very reliable and accurate. 2. **Used to find cause-and-effect relationships**: - **Simple Explanation**: This method helps to determine if one thing directly causes another. For example, it can show if a new medication improves health by comparing it to no treatment. 3. **Manipulates the independent variable to see its effect on the dependent variable**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers change one thing (the independent variable) to see how it affects another thing (the dependent variable). For instance, they might change the amount of a drug to see how it impacts health outcomes. 4. **Conducted in special settings**: - **Simple Explanation**: These studies are often done in controlled environments like labs or research centers to keep everything consistent and manage variables carefully. 5. **Key components of an experimental study**: - **Manipulation Group**: - **Simple Explanation**: This group gets the treatment or change being tested. For example, they might receive a new drug. - **Control Group**: - **Simple Explanation**: This group does not get the new treatment or gets a standard treatment. They are used for comparison to see if the new treatment has an effect. **Overall Summary** Experimental research is a careful and precise way to study how changing one thing affects another. It uses special settings to control variables and includes two key groups: one that receives the treatment being tested and one that doesn't, to accurately determine cause-and-effect relationships. **A. True Experimental Design** 1. **The researcher manipulates experimental variables**: - **Simple Explanation**: In true experimental research, the researcher controls the factors being tested, including the treatment and who gets it. This means they decide what changes and who receives them. 2. **Requires both an experimental group and a control group, with random assignment**: - **Simple Explanation**: There must be two groups: one that gets the treatment (experimental group) and one that does not (control group). People are randomly assigned to either group to ensure fairness and reduce bias. 3. **Control group does not receive the treatment**: - **Simple Explanation**: The control group is used for comparison and does not get the treatment being tested. This helps to see if the treatment has an effect compared to not receiving it. 4. **Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group Design**: - **Simple Explanation**: - **Subjects are randomly assigned to groups**: People are randomly put into either the experimental or control group. - **Pretest is given to both groups**: Both groups take a test or measurement before any treatment is given. - **Experimental group receives the treatment**: The group that is tested gets the treatment, while the control group does not. - **Posttest is given to both groups**: Both groups take the same test or measurement after the treatment to see if there was any change. 5. **Solomon Four-Group Design**: - **Simple Explanation**: - **Most prestigious design**: It's highly regarded because it effectively addresses potential problems in experiments. - **Minimizes validity threats**: It carefully handles issues that could affect the reliability of the results. - **Subjects are randomly assigned to one of four groups**: People are divided into four groups by chance. - **Two groups (experimental group 1 and control group 1) are pretested**: These two groups take a test before the treatment is applied, while the other two groups are not pretested. **Overall Summary** True experimental design involves carefully controlling and testing how a treatment affects subjects by using random assignment to create a fair comparison between those who receive the treatment and those who do not. The **Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group Design** involves testing before and after treatment, while the **Solomon Four-Group Design** is a more advanced approach that helps ensure the results are valid by using four groups and minimizing potential biases. **B. True Experimental Design** 1. **The researcher controls the experiment**: - **Simple Explanation**: The researcher decides what changes to make and who gets the treatment. They also have a group that does not get the treatment for comparison. 2. **Needs two groups and random assignment**: - **Simple Explanation**: There are two groups: one that gets the treatment (experimental group) and one that does not (control group). People are randomly placed into these groups to ensure fairness. 3. **Control group does not get the treatment**: - **Simple Explanation**: The control group is used to see if the treatment has an effect by comparing it with the group that does get the treatment. 4. **Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group Design**: - **Simple Explanation**: - **Randomly assigning groups**: People are randomly placed into the experimental or control group. - **Pretest**: Both groups take a test before the treatment starts. - **Treatment**: The experimental group gets the treatment; the control group does not. - **Posttest**: Both groups take the same test after the treatment to see if there's a difference. 5. **Solomon Four-Group Design**: - **Simple Explanation**: - **Highly respected design**: This method is considered very reliable because it carefully addresses potential problems in research. - **Reduces validity issues**: It helps make sure that the results are accurate and not influenced by other factors. - **Four groups**: People are randomly assigned to one of four groups. - **Two groups are pretested**: In this design, two of the groups take a test before the treatment starts to compare with those who are not pretested. **Overall Summary** True experimental design involves carefully controlling an experiment to test how a treatment affects people, using random assignment to create two groups: one with the treatment and one without. The **Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group Design** measures changes before and after the treatment, while the **Solomon Four-Group Design** is a sophisticated method that uses four groups to ensure the study's results are reliable and accurate. **A. Case-Control Research Design** 1. **Also known as a case-referent study**: - **Simple Explanation**: This research design is sometimes called a case-referent study. It's a way of comparing two groups to understand more about a condition or disease. 2. **Observational study comparing two existing groups**: - **Simple Explanation**: In this study, researchers look at two groups that already exist: one group has the condition or disease (the "cases"), and the other does not (the "controls"). They compare these groups to see if there are any differences that might explain why one group has the condition and the other does not. 3. **Identifies factors contributing to a medical condition**: - **Simple Explanation**: The goal is to find out what factors or causes might be linked to having the condition. Researchers look at what's different between those with the condition and those without it, but who are otherwise similar. **Overall Summary** Case-control research design is used to find out what might be causing a particular condition by comparing two groups: those with the condition (cases) and those without it (controls). Researchers look for differences between these groups to identify possible factors that could contribute to the condition. **B. Case-Control Research Design** 1. **Also known as a case-referent study**: - **Simple Explanation**: This type of study is also called a case-referent study. It compares two different groups to understand something about a condition or disease. 2. **Compares two existing groups based on outcomes**: - **Simple Explanation**: Researchers pick two groups that already exist. One group has the condition (the "cases"), and the other does not (the "controls"). They look at these groups to see if there are any differences that might explain why one group has the condition and the other does not. 3. **Identifies factors related to a medical condition**: - **Simple Explanation**: The study aims to find out what factors might cause or be linked to a condition by comparing those who have it with those who don't, but who are otherwise similar. **Overall Summary** Case-control research compares two groups: one with a specific condition and one without it, to figure out what might be causing the condition. It helps identify factors that could be related to having or not having the condition.