Notes.docx

1\. What historical events were significant to the development of modern computers? Significant historical events include: - The invention of the abacus. - Charles Babbage\'s design of the analytical engine. - George Boole\'s introduction of Boolean logic. - Herman Hollerith\'s punch-ca...

1\. What historical events were significant to the development of modern computers? Significant historical events include: - The invention of the abacus. - Charles Babbage\'s design of the analytical engine. - George Boole\'s introduction of Boolean logic. - Herman Hollerith\'s punch-card system for the 1890 census. - Alan Turing\'s concept of the Turing machine. - The development of the first electronic computer, ABC, by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. - The creation of ENIAC, the first general-purpose digital computer, by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert 1. 2\. Which historical figures made significant contributions to the development of modern computers? Key figures include: - Charles Babbage - George Boole - Herman Hollerith - Alan Turing - John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry - John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert 1. 3\. What major components does a modern computer have? What is the role of each component?Modern computers have the following major components: - Processing Unit\*\*: Contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and processor registers. - Control Unit\*\*: Contains the instruction register and program counter. - Memory\*\*: Stores data and instructions. - External Mass Storage\*\*: Provides long-term data storage. - Input and Output Mechanisms\*\*: Allow interaction with the computer 1. 4\. How do modern computers compute? Modern computers compute using binary arithmetic and Boolean logic. They perform operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using binary numbers and logical operations 1. 5\. How do modern computers internally perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division? Modern computers use the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform these operations. Addition and subtraction are performed using binary arithmetic, while multiplication and division are done through repeated addition and subtraction, respectively 1. 6\. What are vacuum tubes? Vacuum tubes are electronic devices that control the flow of electrons in a vacuum. They were used as switches and amplifiers in early computers but were later replaced by transistors due to their size, power consumption, and reliability issues. 7\. What software systems are often used on computers? What roles do they play? Software systems include **operating systems, application software, and utility programs.** Operating systems manage hardware and software resources, application software performs specific tasks for users, and utility programs perform maintenance tasks. 8\. What roles do operating systems play in modern computer systems? Operating systems manage hardware and software resources, provide a user interface, and ensure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other 1. 9\. Where are modern computers used today? Modern computers are used in various fields, including education, healthcare, business, entertainment, and scientific research 1. 10\. What is a machine language for modern computers? Machine language is a low-level programming language consisting of binary code that the computer\'s central processing unit (CPU) can directly execute 1. 11\. Who was the first programmer for modern computers? Ada Lovelace is considered the first programmer for modern computers. She wrote the first algorithm intended for implementation on Charles Babbage\'s analytical engine 1. 12\. What is an assembly language for modern computers? Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses symbolic code and is specific to a computer\'s architecture. It is more human-readable than machine language and requires an assembler to convert it into machine code 1. 13\. What is a high-level programming language for modern computers? A high-level programming language is a programming language that is more abstract and easier for humans to read and write. It is further from machine language and requires a compiler or interpreter to convert it into machine code 1. 14\. What language is the first high-level computer programming language? The first high-level computer programming language is generally considered to be Fortran, developed in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications 1. 15\. How was Python developed? Python was developed by **Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s and released in 1991**. It was designed to be easy to read and write, with a focus on code readability and simplicity 1. 16\. Where can I get the most current and authoritative distribution and documentation of Python? The most current and authoritative distribution and documentation of Python can be found on the official Python website at python.org 1. 17\. How can I download and install Python on my computer? You can download and install Python from the official Python website. The installation process involves downloading the installer for your operating system and following the installation instructions 1. 18\. How do I install Python using Anaconda? To install Python using Anaconda, download the Anaconda distribution from the Anaconda website and follow the installation instructions. Anaconda includes Python and many useful libraries and tools for data science and machine learning 1. 19\. What other programs and tools are included in Anaconda? Anaconda includes Jupyter Notebook, Spyder, and many scientific libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib 1. 20\. How do I start Anaconda Navigator on my computer? You can start Anaconda Navigator by searching for \"Anaconda Navigator\" in your operating system\'s search bar and clicking on the application 1. 21\. How do I start Jupyter Notebook from Anaconda Navigator? To start Jupyter Notebook from Anaconda Navigator, open Anaconda Navigator, find Jupyter Notebook in the list of applications, and click the \"Launch\" button 1. 22\. How do I start VS Code from Anaconda Navigator? To start VS Code from Anaconda Navigator, open Anaconda Navigator, find VS Code in the list of applications, and click the \"Launch\" button 1. 23\. What is an IDE for programming and software development? An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. It typically includes a code editor, debugger, and build automation tools 1. 24\. Which Python IDE is recommended to install and use for the course? The recommended Python IDE for the course is Visual Studio Code (VS Code) 1. 25\. How do I invoke Python to run in an interactive mode? You can invoke Python to run in interactive mode by typing python in your command prompt or terminal 1. 26\. What can I do in the interactive running mode of Python? In the interactive running mode of Python, you can execute Python statements and expressions one at a time and see the results immediately. It is useful for testing and debugging code 1. 27\. How do I invoke Python to run a Python program? You can invoke Python to run a Python program by typing python.py in your command prompt or terminal, where \`\` is the name of your Python script 1. **28. What are names or identifiers in Python? What characters can be used to make identifiers?** Identifiers in Python are names used to identify variables, functions, classes, modules, and other objects. They can be a combination of letters (a--z, A--Z), numbers (0--9), and underscores (\_). An identifier must begin with a letter or an underscore and is case-sensitive 1. **29. What are keywords in Python? What does each keyword mean in Python?** Keywords in Python are reserved words that have special meanings and cannot be used as identifiers. Examples include if, else, while, for, def, class, try, except, finally, import, from, as, with, return, yield, global, nonlocal, assert, del, pass, break, continue, raise, and, or, not, is, in, lambda, True, False, and None 1. 30\. What words are reserved in Python? What are they reserved for? Reserved words in Python are keywords that have predefined meanings and are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language. They are reserved for specific purposes such as control flow (if, else, while, for), function and class definitions (def, class), exception handling (try, except, finally), and logical operations (and, or, not) 1. 31\. In Python, some identifiers are in the form of word, beginning and ending with an underscore. What special usage do such identifiers have in Python? Identifiers in the form of word are often used for special variables or methods in Python. For example, init is a special method used as a constructor in classes, and name is a special variable that indicates how a Python script is being run (as a main program or as a module) 1. 32\. What primary types of data can you use in Python? Primary data types in Python include integers, float numbers, complex numbers, strings, and Boolean values 1. 33\. What are integers? How big can they be? Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative, or zero. In Python, integers can be of arbitrary size, limited only by the available memory 1. 34\. How do you represent binary integers? Binary integers are represented using the prefix 0b or 0B followed by a sequence of binary digits (0 and 1). For example, 0b1010 represents the binary number 1010 1. 35\. How do you represent hexadecimal integers? Hexadecimal integers are represented using the prefix 0x or 0X followed by a sequence of hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For example, 0x1A3F represents the hexadecimal number 1A3F 1. 36\. What operators can you use on integers? Operators that can be used on integers include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (\`), division (/), floor division (//), modulus (%), exponentiation (\*), bitwise AND (&), bitwise OR (\|), bitwise XOR (\^), bitwise NOT (\~), left shift (\>\`) 1. 37\. What built-in methods can be used on float numbers? Built-in methods for float numbers include as\_integer\_ratio(), is\_integer(), hex(), and fromhex() 1. 38\. What is the difference between the / and // operators? The / operator performs true division and returns a float result, while the // operator performs floor division and returns an integer result by discarding the fractional part 1. 39\. What is the modular operator in Python? The modular operator in Python is %, which returns the remainder of the division of the left operand by the right operand 1. 40\. What are float numbers in Python? Float numbers in Python are numbers with decimal points, represented in the form of 12.5 or 1.25e1 (scientific notation) 1. 41\. What operators can you use on float numbers? Operators that can be used on float numbers include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (\`), division (/), and exponentiation (\*\`) 1. 42\. What built-in methods can be used on float numbers? Built-in methods for float numbers include as\_integer\_ratio(), is\_integer(), hex(), and fromhex() 1. 43\. How big can a float number be in Python? The size of a float number in Python is limited by the available memory and the floating-point representation used by the underlying hardware, typically following the IEEE 754 standard 1. 44\. How do you convert a float number to an integer? You can convert a float number to an integer using the int() function, which truncates the decimal part 1. 45\. What are complex numbers? Complex numbers are numbers that have both a real part and an imaginary part, represented in the form x + yj, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part 1. 46\. How do you represent complex numbers in Python? Complex numbers in Python are represented using the form x + yj, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. For example, 3 + 4j represents the complex number with a real part of 3 and an imaginary part of 4 1. 47\. What operators can you use on complex numbers? Operators that can be used on complex numbers include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (\*), and division (/) 1. 48\. What built-in methods can be used on complex numbers? Built-in methods for complex numbers include conjugate(), which returns the complex conjugate of the number 1. 49\. What are strings in Python? Strings in Python are sequences of characters enclosed in single quotes (\'), double quotes (\"), or triple quotes (\'\'\' or \"\"\") 1. 50\. How do you represent strings? Strings are represented by enclosing characters in single quotes (\'), double quotes (\"), or triple quotes (\'\'\' or \"\"\"). For example, \'hello\', \"world\", and \'\'\'Python\'\'\' are all valid string representations 1. 51\. How do you include special characters such as ', ", and \\ in a string? Special characters can be included Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 51 to 80 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 51\. How do you include special characters such as ', ", and \\ in a string? Special characters can be included in a string using escape sequences. For example: To include a single quote: \\\' To include a double quote: \\\" To include a backslash: \\\\ To include a newline: \\n To include a tab: \\t Example: print(\"This is a double quote: \\\" and this is a single quote: \\\' and this is a backslash: \\\\\") 1. 52\. How do you form a string using the f operator? You can form a string using the f operator (f-string) by prefixing the string with f or F and including expressions inside curly braces {}. The expressions inside the braces are evaluated at runtime and formatted using the specified format. Example: name = \"John\" age = 30 s = f\"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.\" print(s) 1. 53\. How do you form a string across multiple lines? You can form a string across multiple lines using triple quotes (\'\'\' or \"\"\"). This allows the string to span multiple lines without using escape sequences. Example: long\_string = \"\"\"This is a string that spans across multiple lines.\"\"\" print(long\_string) 1. 54\. What operators, built-in functions and methods can be used on strings? Operators: Concatenation: + Repetition: \* Membership: in, not in Built-in functions: len(): Returns the length of the string. str(): Converts an object to a string. Methods: capitalize(): Converts the first character to uppercase. casefold(): Converts the string to lowercase. center(): Centers the string within a specified width. count(): Returns the number of occurrences of a substring. encode(): Encodes the string using a specified encoding. endswith(): Checks if the string ends with a specified suffix. expandtabs(): Sets the tab size. find(): Finds the first occurrence of a substring. format(): Formats the string. format\_map(): Formats the string using a mapping. index(): Finds the first occurrence of a substring and raises an error if not found. isalnum(): Checks if all characters are alphanumeric. isalpha(): Checks if all characters are alphabetic. isdecimal(): Checks if all characters are decimal. isdigit(): Checks if all characters are digits. isidentifier(): Checks if the string is a valid identifier. islower(): Checks if all characters are lowercase. isnumeric(): Checks if all characters are numeric. isprintable(): Checks if all characters are printable. isspace(): Checks if all characters are whitespace. istitle(): Checks if the string is title-cased. isupper(): Checks if all characters are uppercase. join(): Joins elements of an iterable with the string as a separator. ljust(): Left-justifies the string within a specified width. lower(): Converts the string to lowercase. lstrip(): Removes leading whitespace. maketrans(): Returns a translation table. partition(): Partitions the string into three parts. replace(): Replaces occurrences of a substring. rfind(): Finds the last occurrence of a substring. rindex(): Finds the last occurrence of a substring and raises an error if not found. rjust(): Right-justifies the string within a specified width. rpartition(): Partitions the string into three parts from the right. rsplit(): Splits the string from the right. rstrip(): Removes trailing whitespace. split(): Splits the string. splitlines(): Splits the string at line breaks. startswith(): Checks if the string starts with a specified prefix. strip(): Removes leading and trailing whitespace. swapcase(): Swaps the case of characters. title(): Converts the string to title case. translate(): Translates the string using a translation table. upper(): Converts the string to uppercase. zfill(): Pads the string with zeros 1. 55\. What is... used for in Python? The ellipsis (\...) is used as a placeholder for code that is not yet implemented. It can also be used in slicing multi-dimensional arrays. Example: def incomplete\_function(): \... 1. 56\. What are Boolean values? How are they represented in Python? Boolean values represent truth values and are used to evaluate logical expressions. In Python, Boolean values are represented by the keywords True and False. Example: is\_valid = True is\_empty = False 1. 57\. What constants are built into Python? Built-in constants in Python include: True: Represents the Boolean value true. False: Represents the Boolean value false. None: Represents the absence of a value. Ellipsis (\...): Used as a placeholder. debug: Contains True if Python is started without the -O option. quit: Used to exit the interpreter. exit: Used to exit the interpreter. copyright: Contains copyright information. credits: Contains credit information. license: Contains licensing information. name: Contains the name of the module or main if the script is run as the main program 1. 58\. What is None? None is a special constant in Python that represents the absence of a value or a null value. It is often used to indicate that a variable has no value assigned to it. Example: x = None if x is None: print(\"x has no value\") 1. 59\. What operators can you use on Boolean data? Operators that can be used on Boolean data include: Logical AND: and Logical OR: or Logical NOT: not Example: a = True b = False print(a and b) \# False print(a or b) \# True print(not a) \# False 1. 60\. How do you construct various expressions in Python? Expressions in Python are constructed using variables, constants, operators, and function calls. Examples include arithmetic expressions, logical expressions, and function calls. Example: x = 10 y = 5 result = (x + y) \* 2 \# Arithmetic expression is\_valid = (x \> y) and (y \> 0) \# Logical expression length = len(\"Hello\") \# Function call 1. 61\. What built-in data types does Python have? Built-in data types in Python include: Numeric types: int, float, complex Sequence types: str, list, tuple Set types: set, frozenset Mapping type: dict Boolean type: bool None type: NoneType 1. 62\. What are lists? Lists are ordered collections of elements that can be of different types. Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed after creation. Lists are created using square brackets \[\]. Example: fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"\] 1. 63\. How do you construct a list? You can construct a list by enclosing elements in square brackets \[\], separated by commas. Example: numbers = \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5\] You can also use the list() constructor to create a list from an iterable. Example: letters = list(\"abcde\") 1. 64\. How do you use the range() function in Python? The range() function generates a sequence of numbers. It can take Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 64 to 90 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 64\. How do you use the range() function in Python? The range() function generates a sequence of numbers. It can take one, two, or three arguments: range(stop): Generates numbers from 0 to stop - 1. range(start, stop): Generates numbers from start to stop - 1. range(start, stop, step): Generates numbers from start to stop - 1, incrementing by step. Example: for i in range(5): print(i) \# Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 for i in range(2, 5): print(i) \# Output: 2, 3, 4 for i in range(1, 10, 2): print(i) \# Output: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 1. 65\. How do you access an element in a list? You can access an element in a list using its index, which starts from 0. Negative indices can be used to access elements from the end of the list. Example: fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"\] print(fruits) \# Output: apple print(fruits\[-1\]) \# Output: cherry 1. 66\. How do you get a sublist from a list? You can get a sublist from a list using slicing. The syntax is list\[start:end\], where start is the starting index and end is the ending index (exclusive). Example: fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\", \"date\"\] sublist = fruits\[1:3\] print(sublist) \# Output: \[\'banana\', \'cherry\'\] 1. 67\. How do you represent a multi-dimensional array with a list? A multi-dimensional array can be represented using nested lists. Each element of the outer list can be another list. Example: matrix = \[ \[1, 2, 3\], \[4, 5, 6\], \[7, 8, 9\] \] print(matrix1) \# Output: 6 1. 68\. What are sets in Python? Sets are unordered collections of unique elements. Sets are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed after creation. Sets are created using curly braces {} or the set() constructor. Example: fruits = {\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"} 1. 69\. What are tuples in Python? Tuples are ordered collections of elements that can be of different types. Tuples are immutable, meaning their elements cannot be changed after creation. Tuples are created using parentheses (). Example: coordinates = (10.0, 20.0) 1. 70\. How do tuples differ from lists? Tuples differ from lists in that tuples are immutable (their elements cannot be changed after creation), while lists are mutable (their elements can be changed). Tuples are created using parentheses (), while lists are created using square brackets \[\]. Example: Tuple coordinates = (10.0, 20.0) List fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"\] 1. 71\. How do you slice a string, a list, and a tuple in Python? What is slicing? Slicing is a way to obtain a sublist, substring, or subtuple from a list, string, or tuple. The syntax is sequence\[start:end\], where start is the starting index and end is the ending index (exclusive). Example: String s = \"hello\" print(s\[1:4\]) \# Output: ell List fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\", \"date\"\] print(fruits\[1:3\]) \# Output: \[\'banana\', \'cherry\'\] Tuple coordinates = (10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0) print(coordinates\[1:3\]) \# Output: (20.0, 30.0) 1. 72\. What are dictionaries in Python? Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs. Keys must be unique and immutable, while values can be of any type. Dictionaries are created using curly braces {} with key-value pairs separated by colons :. Example: student = {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 20, \"major\": \"Computer Science\"} 1. 73\. What operators, functions, and methods can be used on sets, tuples, and dictionaries? Operators: Membership: in, not in Functions: len(): Returns the number of elements. max(): Returns the maximum element. min(): Returns the minimum element. sum(): Returns the sum of elements (for numeric data). Methods for sets: add(): Adds an element. remove(): Removes an element. discard(): Removes an element if it exists. clear(): Removes all elements. union(): Returns the union of sets. intersection(): Returns the intersection of sets. difference(): Returns the difference of sets. Methods for tuples: count(): Returns the number of occurrences of a value. index(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value. Methods for dictionaries: keys(): Returns a view of the keys. values(): Returns a view of the values. items(): Returns a view of the key-value pairs. get(): Returns the value for a key. update(): Updates the dictionary with key-value pairs. pop(): Removes a key-value pair and returns the value. Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 73 to 93 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 73\. What operators, functions, and methods can be used on sets, tuples, and dictionaries? Operators: Membership: in, not in Functions: len(): Returns the number of elements. max(): Returns the maximum element. min(): Returns the minimum element. sum(): Returns the sum of elements (for numeric data). Methods for sets: add(): Adds an element. remove(): Removes an element. discard(): Removes an element if it exists. clear(): Removes all elements. union(): Returns the union of sets. intersection(): Returns the intersection of sets. difference(): Returns the difference of sets. Methods for tuples: count(): Returns the number of occurrences of a value. index(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value. Methods for dictionaries: keys(): Returns a view of the keys. values(): Returns a view of the values. items(): Returns a view of the key-value pairs. get(): Returns the value for a key. update(): Updates the dictionary with key-value pairs. pop(): Removes a key-value pair and returns the value 1. 74\. What built-in functions are available in Python? Python provides a wide range of built-in functions, including but not limited to: abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number. all(): Returns True if all elements of an iterable are true. any(): Returns True if any element of an iterable is true. bin(): Converts an integer to a binary string. bool(): Converts a value to a Boolean. chr(): Converts an integer to a character. dict(): Creates a dictionary. float(): Converts a value to a float. int(): Converts a value to an integer. len(): Returns the length of an object. list(): Creates a list. max(): Returns the maximum value. min(): Returns the minimum value. print(): Prints to the console. range(): Generates a range of numbers. set(): Creates a set. str(): Converts a value to a string. sum(): Returns the sum of elements. tuple(): Creates a tuple. type(): Returns the type of an object 1. 75\. What built-in statements are available in Python? Python provides several built-in statements, including but not limited to: assert: Used for debugging purposes. break: Terminates the nearest enclosing loop. class: Defines a new class. continue: Skips the rest of the code inside a loop for the current iteration. def: Defines a new function. del: Deletes an object. elif: Used in conditional statements, same as else if. else: Used in conditional statements. except: Used with exceptions, what to do when an exception occurs. finally: Used with exceptions, a block of code that will be executed no matter if there is an exception or not. for: Used for looping. from: Used to import specific parts of a module. global: Declares a global variable. if: Used to make a conditional statement. import: Used to import a module. in: Used to check if a value is present in a list, tuple, etc. is: Used to test object identity. lambda: Used to create an anonymous function. nonlocal: Declares a non-local variable. pass: A null statement, a statement that will do nothing. raise: Raises an exception. return: Exits a function and returns a value. try: Used to make a try\...except statement. while: Used for looping. with: Used to simplify exception handling. yield: Ends a function, returns a generator 1. 76\. How do you use print and input statements in your programs? print statement: The print() function is used to output data to the console. It can take multiple arguments, which are printed with a space between them by default. Example: print(\"Hello\", \"World\") input statement: The input() function is used to take input from the user. It reads a line from input, converts it to a string, and returns it. Example: name = input(\"Enter your name: \") print(\"Hello\", name) 1. 77\. In your program, how do you use a standard library/module that comes with Python distribution? To use a standard library/module that comes with the Python distribution, you need to import it using the import statement. Example: import math print(math.sqrt(16)) \# Output: 4.0 You can also import specific functions or classes from a module: from math import sqrt print(sqrt(16)) \# Output: 4.0 1. 78\. What are docstrings in Python programs? Docstrings are string literals that appear right after the definition of a function, method, class, or module. They are used to document the object and can be accessed using the doc attribute. Example: def add(a, b): \"\"\"This function adds two numbers.\"\"\" return a + b print(add.doc) \# Output: This function adds two numbers. 1. 79\. What is an end-of-line comment in a Python program? An end-of-line comment is a comment that starts with the \# symbol and extends to the end of the line. It is used to add explanatory notes to the code. Example: x = 10 \# This is an end-of-line comment 1. 80\. How do you write a code block in Python? Why is proper indentation important in Python programs? A code block in Python is a group of statements that are executed together. Code blocks are defined by their indentation level. Proper indentation is crucial in Python because it defines the structure and flow of the program. Example: if x \> 0: print(\"Positive number\") else: print(\"Non-positive number\") Improper indentation will result in an IndentationError. 1. 81\. Can you write multiple statements on a single line? How? Yes, you can write multiple statements on a single line by separating them with a semicolon ;. Example: x = 10; y = 20; print(x + y) \# Output: 30 1. 82\. What are selective statements? Selective statements, also known as conditional statements, are used to execute a block of code based on a condition. The primary selective statements in Python are if, elif, and else. Example: if x \> 0: print(\"Positive number\") elif x == 0: print(\"Zero\") else: print(\"Negative number\") 1. 83\. Why do I need selective statements in programming? Selective statements are needed in programming to make decisions based on conditions. They allow the program to execute different blocks of code depending on the evaluation of conditions, enabling dynamic and flexible behavior. Example: if user\_input == \"yes\": proceed() else: cancel() 1. 84\. What can I use in Python to make selective statements? In Python, you can use the if, elif, and else statements to make selective statements. Example: if condition1: Code block for condition1 elif condition2: Code block for condition2 else: Code block if none of the above conditions are met 1. 85\. How do I use an if statement to run a code block only under a certain condition? You use an if statement followed by a condition and a colon. The code block to be executed under the condition is indented. Example: x = 10 if x \> 5: print(\"x is greater than 5\") Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 85 to 130 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 85\. How do I use an if statement to run a code block only under a certain condition? You use an if statement followed by a condition and a colon. The code block to be executed under the condition is indented. Example: x = 10 if x \> 5: print(\"x is greater than 5\") 1. 86\. How do I specify conditions for my selective statements? Conditions for selective statements are specified using comparison operators (==, !=, \>, =, \` 5 and x 5: print(\"x is greater than 5\") else: print(\"x is not greater than 5\") 1. 88\. How do I use if-elif statements to make multiple selections? You use an if statement followed by one or more elif (else if) statements. Each elif block is checked in order, and the first one that is True is executed. Example: x = 10 if x \> 15: print(\"x is greater than 15\") elif x \> 10: print(\"x is greater than 10\") elif x \> 5: print(\"x is greater than 5\") else: print(\"x is 5 or less\") 1. 89\. How do I use if-elif-else statements to make multiple selections? You use an if statement followed by one or more elif statements and an else statement. The else block is executed if none of the if or elif conditions are True. Example: x = 10 if x \> 15: print(\"x is greater than 15\") elif x \> 10: print(\"x is greater than 10\") elif x \> 5: print(\"x is greater than 5\") else: print(\"x is 5 or less\") 1. 90\. How do I use for statements to make loops in Python? The for statement is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, string, or range). The loop executes a block of code for each item in the sequence. Example: for i in range(5): print(i) 1. 91\. What is the built-in range() function? The range() function generates a sequence of numbers. It can take one, two, or three arguments: range(stop): Generates numbers from 0 to stop - 1. range(start, stop): Generates numbers from start to stop - 1. range(start, stop, step): Generates numbers from start to stop - 1, incrementing by step. Example: for i in range(5): print(i) \# Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 for i in range(2, 5): print(i) \# Output: 2, 3, 4 for i in range(1, 10, 2): print(i) \# Output: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 1. 92\. How do I use the built-in range() function with for statements? You use the range() function within a for statement to generate a sequence of numbers to iterate over. Example: for i in range(5): print(i) \# Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 1. 93\. How do I use the list, tuple, set, string, and dictionary compound data types with for statements? You can use the for statement to iterate over elements in lists, tuples, sets, strings, and dictionaries. Example: List fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"\] for fruit in fruits: print(fruit) Tuple coordinates = (10.0, 20.0, 30.0) for coordinate in coordinates: print(coordinate) Set unique\_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} for number in unique\_numbers: print(number) String word = \"hello\" for letter in word: print(letter) Dictionary student = {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 20, \"major\": \"Computer Science\"} for key, value in student.items(): print(f\"{key}: {value}\") 1. 94\. How do I use while statements to make loops in Python? The while statement is used to create a loop that continues to execute as long as a specified condition is True. Example: x = 0 while x \< 5: print(x) x += 1 1. 95\. What is the difference between for and while statements? The for statement is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, string, or range), while the while statement is used to create a loop that continues to execute as long as a specified condition is True. Example of for loop: for i in range(5): print(i) Example of while loop: x = 0 while x \< 5: print(x) x += 1 1. 96\. Can I use the range() function and the list, tuple, set, string, and dictionary compound data types with while statements? No, the range() function and the list, tuple, set, string, and dictionary compound data types are typically used with for statements. The while statement is used with a condition that is evaluated before each iteration. Example of while loop with a list: fruits = \[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"\] i = 0 while i \< len(fruits): print(fruits\[i\]) i += 1 1. 97\. In Python, is there another statement I can use to make a loop? Yes, in addition to for and while loops, you can use list comprehensions, set comprehensions, and dictionary comprehensions to create loops in a more concise way. Example of list comprehension: squares = \[x\*\*2 for x in range(10)\] print(squares) 1. 98\. What kinds of errors may occur in a program? Errors in a program can be categorized into three types: Syntax errors: Errors in the structure of the code. Runtime errors: Errors that occur during the execution of the program. Logical errors: Errors in the logic of the program that produce incorrect results. 1. 99\. What are the most common errors in Python programs? The most common errors in Python programs include: SyntaxError\*\*: Incorrect syntax. IndentationError\*\*: Incorrect indentation. TypeError\*\*: Operation applied to an object of inappropriate type. NameError\*\*: Use of an undefined variable. IndexError\*\*: Index out of range. KeyError\*\*: Key not found in a dictionary. ValueError\*\*: Incorrect value. AttributeError\*\*: Attribute not found. ZeroDivisionError\*\*: Division by zero. 1. 100\. What are syntax errors? Syntax errors are errors in the structure of the code that prevent the program from being parsed and executed. They occur when the code does not conform to the rules of the programming language. Example: print(\"Hello, world!\" \# Missing closing parenthesis Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 101 to 140 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 101\. How do you use a raise statement to throw an exception intentionally? The raise statement is used to throw an exception intentionally. You can specify the type of exception to be raised and provide an optional error message. Example: def divide(x, y): if y == 0: raise ZeroDivisionError(\"Cannot divide by zero\") return x / y try: result = divide(10, 0) except ZeroDivisionError as e: print(e) 1. 102\. How do you use an except clause with a try statement? The except clause is used with a try statement to handle exceptions. The code block inside the except clause is executed if an exception occurs in the try block. Example: try: result = 10 / 0 except ZeroDivisionError: print(\"Cannot divide by zero\") 1. 103\. How do you use an else clause with a try statement? The else clause can be used with a try statement to specify a block of code that will be executed if no exceptions are raised in the try block. Example: try: result = 10 / 2 except ZeroDivisionError: print(\"Cannot divide by zero\") else: print(\"Division successful:\", result) 1. 104\. How do you use a finally clause with a try statement? The finally clause can be used with a try statement to specify a block of code that will be executed no matter whether an exception is raised or not. Example: try: result = 10 / 2 except ZeroDivisionError: print(\"Cannot divide by zero\") else: print(\"Division successful:\", result) finally: print(\"This will always be executed\") 1. 105\. What data types are categorized as sequences? Data types categorized as sequences in Python include: Strings Lists Tuples 1. 106\. What are strings, lists, and tuples? Strings\*\*: A sequence of characters enclosed in single, double, or triple quotes. Lists\*\*: An ordered collection of elements enclosed in square brackets. Tuples\*\*: An ordered collection of elements enclosed in parentheses. Tuples are immutable. 1. 107\. How do you access individual characters of a string, a list, and a tuple? You can access individual characters of a string, a list, and a tuple using indexing. The index starts from 0. Example: String s = \"hello\" print(s1) \# Output: e List l = \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5\] print(l) \# Output: 3 Tuple t = (10, 20, 30, 40) print(t) \# Output: 40 1. 108\. How do you slice a sequence? You can slice a sequence using the slice notation sequence\[start:stop:step\]. The start index is inclusive, and the stop index is exclusive. Example: String s = \"hello\" print(s\[1:4\]) \# Output: ell List l = \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5\] print(l\[1:4\]) \# Output: \[2, 3, 4\] Tuple t = (10, 20, 30, 40) print(t\[1:3\]) \# Output: (20, 30) 1. 109\. How do you make an m × n matrix with list? You can create an m × n matrix using a list of lists. Example: m = 3 n = 4 matrix = \[ \* n for \_ in range(m)\] print(matrix) Output: \[\[0, 0, 0, 0\], \[0, 0, 0, 0\], \[0, 0, 0, 0\]\] 1. 110\. What are mutable and immutable data types? Mutable data types\*\*: Data types whose values can be changed after they are created. Examples include lists, sets, and dictionaries. Immutable data types\*\*: Data types whose values cannot be changed after they are created. Examples include strings, tuples, and frozensets. 1. 111\. How do you access the items, keys, and values of a dictionary? You can access the items, keys, and values of a dictionary using the items(), keys(), and values() methods, respectively. Example: d = {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 30, \"city\": \"New York\"} print(d.items()) \# Output: dict\_items(\[(\'name\', \'John\'), (\'age\', 30), (\'city\', \'New York\')\]) print(d.keys()) \# Output: dict\_keys(\[\'name\', \'age\', \'city\'\]) print(d.values()) \# Output: dict\_values(\[\'John\', 30, \'New York\'\]) 1. 112\. What methods and functions are available for constructing, formatting, accessing, and manipulating strings? Methods and functions for strings include: str(): Constructs a string. format(): Formats a string. upper(): Converts to uppercase. lower(): Converts to lowercase. strip(): Removes leading and trailing whitespace. split(): Splits a string into a list. join(): Joins a list into a string. replace(): Replaces a substring Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 112 to 140 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 112\. What methods and functions are available for constructing, formatting, accessing, and manipulating strings? Methods and functions for strings include: str(): Constructs a string. format(): Formats a string. upper(): Converts to uppercase. lower(): Converts to lowercase. strip(): Removes leading and trailing whitespace. split(): Splits a string into a list. join(): Joins a list into a string. replace(): Replaces a substring with another substring. find(): Finds the first occurrence of a substring. count(): Counts the occurrences of a substring. startswith(): Checks if the string starts with a specified substring. endswith(): Checks if the string ends with a specified substring. capitalize(): Capitalizes the first character. title(): Capitalizes the first character of each word. isalpha(): Checks if all characters are alphabetic. isdigit(): Checks if all characters are digits. isalnum(): Checks if all characters are alphanumeric. isspace(): Checks if all characters are whitespace. islower(): Checks if all characters are lowercase. isupper(): Checks if all characters are uppercase. 1. 113\. What methods and functions are available for constructing, accessing, and manipulating lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries? Methods and functions for lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries include: Lists\*\*: list(): Constructs a list. append(): Adds an element to the end. extend(): Adds multiple elements to the end. insert(): Inserts an element at a specified position. remove(): Removes the first occurrence of an element. pop(): Removes and returns an element at a specified position. clear(): Removes all elements. index(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of an element. count(): Counts the occurrences of an element. sort(): Sorts the list. reverse(): Reverses the list. copy(): Returns a shallow copy of the list. Tuples\*\*: tuple(): Constructs a tuple. count(): Counts the occurrences of an element. index(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of an element. Sets\*\*: set(): Constructs a set. add(): Adds an element. remove(): Removes an element. discard(): Removes an element if it exists. pop(): Removes and returns an arbitrary element. clear(): Removes all elements. union(): Returns the union of sets. intersection(): Returns the intersection of sets. difference(): Returns the difference of sets. symmetric\_difference(): Returns the symmetric difference of sets. issubset(): Checks if a set is a subset of another. issuperset(): Checks if a set is a superset of another. Dictionaries\*\*: dict(): Constructs a dictionary. get(): Returns the value for a key. keys(): Returns a view of the keys. values(): Returns a view of the values. items(): Returns a view of the key-value pairs. update(): Updates the dictionary with key-value pairs. pop(): Removes and returns a key-value pair. popitem(): Removes and returns an arbitrary key-value pair. clear(): Removes all key-value pairs. copy(): Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary. setdefault(): Returns the value for a key, setting it if not present. 1. 114\. What is an iterator? An iterator is an object that contains a countable number of values and can be iterated upon, meaning that you can traverse through all the values. In Python, an iterator is an object which implements the iterator protocol, consisting of the methods iter() and next(). 1. 115\. What is a generator of iterables? A generator is a special type of iterator that is defined using a function and the yield statement. Generators allow you to iterate through a sequence of values lazily, meaning that values are generated on the fly and not stored in memory. Example: def my\_generator(): yield 1 yield 2 yield 3 gen = my\_generator() for value in gen: print(value) 1. 116\. How do you use the range() function to make a list? You can use the range() function to generate a sequence of numbers and then convert it to a list using the list() function. Example: numbers = list(range(10)) print(numbers) \# Output: \[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\] 1. 117\. How do you use the range() function to construct a tuple? You can use the range() function to generate a sequence of numbers and then convert it to a tuple using the tuple() function. Example: numbers = tuple(range(10)) print(numbers) \# Output: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) 1. 118\. What is list comprehension, and how do you use it to construct a list? List comprehension is a concise way to create lists using a single line of code. It consists of brackets containing an expression followed by a for clause, and optionally, if clauses. Example: squares = \[x\*\*2 for x in range(10)\] print(squares) \# Output: \[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81\] 1. 119\. What is set comprehension, and how do you use it to construct a set? Set comprehension is a concise way to create sets using a single line of code. It consists of curly braces containing an expression followed by a for clause, and optionally, if clauses. Example: squares = {x\*\*2 for x in range(10)} print(squares) \# Output: {0, 1, 64, 4, 36, 9, 16, 81, 49, 25} 1. 120\. What is dictionary comprehension, and how do you use it to construct a dictionary? Dictionary comprehension is a concise way to create dictionaries using a single line of code. It consists of curly braces containing a key-value pair expression followed by a for clause, and optionally, if clauses. Example: squares = {x: x\*\*2 for x in range(10)} print(squares) \# Output: {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81} 1. 121\. What are files? Files are named locations on disk to store related information. They are used to store data permanently for future use. 1. 122\. What are text files? Text files are files that contain textual data. They are human-readable and can be created and edited using text editors. 1. 123\. Why are files needed in many computer applications? Files are needed in many computer applications to store data permanently, share data between different programs, and maintain records for future reference. 1. 124\. How do I open a file for reading? You can open a file for reading using the open() function with the mode \'r\'. Example: file = open(\'example.txt\', \'r\') content = file.read() print(content) file.close() 1. 125\. How do I open a file for writing? You can open a file for writing using the open() function with the mode \'w\'. Example: file = open(\'example.txt\', \'w\') file.write(\'Hello, world!\') file.close() Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 125 to 150 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 125\. How do I open a file for writing? You can open a file for writing using the open() function with the mode \'w\'. Example: file = open(\'example.txt\', \'w\') file.write(\'Hello, world!\') file.close() 1. 126\. How do I create a new file for writing? You can create a new file for writing using the open() function with the mode \'w\'. If the file already exists, it will be overwritten. Example: file = open(\'newfile.txt\', \'w\') file.write(\'This is a new file.\') file.close() 1. 127\. How can I add new content to the end of an existing file? You can add new content to the end of an existing file using the open() function with the mode \'a\'. Example: file = open(\'example.txt\', \'a\') file.write(\' Adding more content.\') file.close() 1. 128\. How can I avoid overwriting an existing file? To avoid overwriting an existing file, you can open the file in append mode \'a\' instead of write mode \'w\'. Example: file = open(\'example.txt\', \'a\') file.write(\' This will not overwrite the file.\') file.close() 1. 129\. What are functions? Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task. They help in organizing code, making it more readable and maintainable. 1. 130\. Why are functions important in programming and software development? Functions are important because they: Promote code reusability. Improve code organization. Enhance readability and maintainability. Allow for easier debugging and testing. 1. 131\. What role does the return statement play in functions? The return statement is used to exit a function and return a value to the caller. It allows functions to produce output that can be used elsewhere in the program. Example: def add(a, b): return a + b result = add(3, 4) print(result) \# Output: 7 1. 132\. How do you return multiple values from a function? You can return multiple values from a function by returning them as a tuple. Example: def get\_coordinates(): x = 10 y = 20 return x, y coords = get\_coordinates() print(coords) \# Output: (10, 20) 1. 133\. What are positional arguments in a function definition? Positional arguments are arguments that are passed to a function in the order in which they are defined. Example: def greet(name, age): print(f\"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old.\") greet(\"Alice\", 30) 1. 134\. What are keyword arguments in a function definition? What advantages do they offer? Keyword arguments are arguments that are passed to a function by explicitly specifying the parameter name. They offer the advantage of making the function call more readable and allowing arguments to be passed in any order. Example: def greet(name, age): print(f\"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old.\") greet(age=30, name=\"Alice\") 1. 135\. What are variable-length lists of arguments? What advantages do they offer? Variable-length lists of arguments allow a function to accept an arbitrary number of arguments. They offer the advantage of flexibility in function calls. Example: def add(\*args): return sum(args) result = add(1, 2, 3, 4) print(result) \# Output: 10 1. 136\. How do we call a function with positional arguments only? You call a function with positional arguments by passing the arguments in the order in which they are defined. Example: def greet(name, age): print(f\"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old.\") greet(\"Alice\", 30) 1. 137\. How do we correctly call functions with keyword arguments? You call a function with keyword arguments by explicitly specifying the parameter names. Example: def greet(name, age): print(f\"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old.\") greet(age=30, name=\"Alice\") 1. 138\. How do we correctly call functions with a variable-length list of arguments? You call a function with a variable-length list of arguments by passing the arguments using the \* operator. Example: def add(\*args): return sum(args) result = add(1, 2, 3, 4) print(result) \# Output: 10 1. 139\. How do we call functions with both positional arguments and keyword arguments? You call a function with both positional and keyword arguments by passing the positional arguments first, followed by the keyword arguments. Example: def greet(name, age, city=\"Unknown\"): print(f\"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old and live in {city}.\") greet(\"Alice\", 30, city=\"New York\") 1. 140\. How do we call functions with both positional arguments and a variable-length list of arguments? You call a function with both positional arguments and a variable-length list of arguments by passing the positional arguments first, followed by the variable-length list of arguments using the \* operator. Example: def greet(greeting, \*names): for name in names: print(f\"{greeting}, {name}!\") greet(\"Hello\", \"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\") 1. 141\. How do we call functions with both a variable-length list of arguments and keyword arguments? You call a function with both a variable-length list of arguments and keyword arguments by passing the variable-length list of arguments using the \* operator, followed by the keyword arguments. Example: def greet(\*names, greeting=\"Hello\"): for name in names: print(f\"{greeting}, {name}!\") greet(\"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\", greeting=\"Hi\") 1. 142\. How do we call functions with all three types of arguments? You call a function with positional arguments, a variable-length list of arguments, and keyword arguments by passing the positional arguments first, followed by the variable-length list of arguments using the \* operator, and then the keyword arguments. Example: def greet(greeting, \*names, punctuation=\".\"): for name in names: print(f\"{greeting}, {name}{punctuation}\") greet(\"Hello\", \"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\", punctuation=\"!\") 1. 143\. What are recursive functions? Recursive functions are functions that call themselves in order to solve a problem. They are useful for problems that can be broken down into smaller, similar subproblems. Example: def factorial(n): if n == 1: return 1 else: return n \* factorial(n - 1) print(factorial(5)) \# Output: 120 Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 144 to 189 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 144\. How do you define recursive functions? Recursive functions are defined by having the function call itself within its own definition. A base case is necessary to stop the recursion and prevent infinite loops. Example: def factorial(n): if n == 1: return 1 else: return n \* factorial(n - 1) print(factorial(5)) \# Output: 120 1. 145\. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)? Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of \"objects,\" which can contain data in the form of fields (attributes) and code in the form of procedures (methods). OOP focuses on the creation of reusable objects that can interact with one another. 1. 146\. In OOP, what are classes and objects? How are they related? Classes\*\*: A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines a set of attributes and methods that the created objects will have. Objects\*\*: An object is an instance of a class. It is created using the class definition and can have its own unique values for the attributes defined in the class. Example: class Dog: def init(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def bark(self): print(\"Woof!\") my\_dog = Dog(\"Buddy\", 3) print(my\_dog.name) \# Output: Buddy my\_dog.bark() \# Output: Woof! 1. 147\. What is abstraction? Why is it needed? Abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex implementation details of a system and exposing only the necessary and relevant parts to the user. It is needed to reduce complexity, enhance code readability, and improve maintainability by allowing users to interact with objects at a higher level without needing to understand the underlying details. 1. 148\. What is information hiding? What advantages does it offer? Information hiding is the principle of restricting access to the internal details of an object and exposing only what is necessary for the object\'s use. It offers several advantages: Reduces complexity by hiding unnecessary details. Protects the integrity of the object\'s data. Enhances modularity and maintainability. Prevents unintended interference with the object\'s internal state. 1. 149\. What does inheritance mean in OOP? Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP that allows a new class (subclass) to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class (superclass). This promotes code reuse and allows for the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes. Example: class Animal: def init(self, name): self.name = name def speak(self): pass class Dog(Animal): def speak(self): return \"Woof!\" my\_dog = Dog(\"Buddy\") print(my\_dog.speak()) \# Output: Woof! 1. 150\. What are subclasses and superclasses? How are they related? Superclasses\*\*: A superclass is a class from which other classes (subclasses) inherit attributes and methods. Subclasses\*\*: A subclass is a class that inherits attributes and methods from a superclass. It can also have additional attributes and methods or override existing ones. Example: class Animal: def init(self, name): self.name = name def speak(self): pass class Dog(Animal): def speak(self): return \"Woof!\" class Cat(Animal): def speak(self): return \"Meow!\" my\_dog = Dog(\"Buddy\") my\_cat = Cat(\"Whiskers\") print(my\_dog.speak()) \# Output: Woof! print(my\_cat.speak()) \# Output: Meow! 1. 151\. How do you define a new class? You define a new class using the class keyword followed by the class name and a colon. The class body contains attributes and methods. Example: class Dog: def init(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def bark(self): print(\"Woof!\") 1. 152\. When defining a class, how do you define attributes or properties of that class? Attributes or properties of a class are defined within the init method using the self parameter to refer to the instance of the class. Example: class Dog: def init(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age 1. 153\. When defining a class, how do you define methods of that class? Methods of a class are defined as functions within the class body. They take self as the first parameter to refer to the instance of the class. Example: class Dog: def init(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def bark(self): print(\"Woof!\") 1. 154\. What are public, private, and protected members of a class? Public members\*\*: Accessible from anywhere. Private members\*\*: Accessible only within the class. Defined with a double underscore prefix (\_\_). Protected members\*\*: Accessible within the class and its subclasses. Defined with a single underscore prefix (\_). Example: class MyClass: def init(self): self.public = \"Public\" self.\_protected = \"Protected\" self.\_\_private = \"Private\" 1. 155\. In a Python program, how do you define public, private, and protected members of a class? Public members\*\*: Defined without any prefix. Private members\*\*: Defined with a double underscore prefix (\_\_). Protected members\*\*: Defined with a single underscore prefix (\_). Example: class MyClass: def init(self): self.public = \"Public\" self.\_protected = \"Protected\" self.\_\_private = \"Private\" 1. 156\. How do you define the constructor of a class? The constructor of a class is defined using the init method. It initializes the attributes of the class. Example: class Dog: def init(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age 1. 157\. What are class methods and static methods? How do they differ? Class methods\*\*: Defined using the \@classmethod decorator. They take cls as the first parameter and can access class-level attributes. Static methods\*\*: Defined using the \@staticmethod decorator. They do not take self or cls as parameters and cannot access instance or class-level attributes. Example: class MyClass: \@classmethod def class\_method(cls): print(\"This is a class method.\") \@staticmethod def static\_method(): print(\"This is a static method.\") 1. 158\. What are the attributes of a class? Attributes of a class are variables that belong to the class. They can be instance attributes (specific to an instance) or class attributes (shared among all instances). Example: class Dog: species = \"Canis familiaris\" \# Class attribute def init(self, name, age): self.name = name \# Instance attribute self.age = age \# Instance attribute 1. 159\. How many dunder methods can be used in a new class? Dunder methods (double underscore methods) are special methods with double underscores before and after their names. They can be used to define the behavior of objects for built-in operations. Examples include init, str, repr, add, len, etc. Example: class MyClass: def init(self, value): self.value = value def str(self): return f\"MyClass with value {self.value}\" Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 160 to 189 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 160\. How do you use a class as a decorator? A class can be used as a decorator by defining the call method within the class. This method allows the class instance to be called as a function. Example: class DecoratorClass: def init(self, func): self.func = func def call(self, args, \*kwargs): print(\"Function is being called\") return self.func(args, \*kwargs) \@DecoratorClass def say\_hello(name): return f\"Hello, {name}!\" print(say\_hello(\"Alice\")) 1. 161\. How do you use the built-in function property() to create a property in a class? The property() function can be used to create a property in a class by defining getter, setter, and deleter methods. Example: class MyClass: def init(self, value): self.\_value = value def get\_value(self): return self.\_value def set\_value(self, value): self.\_value = value def del\_value(self): del self.\_value value = property(get\_value, set\_value, del\_value) obj = MyClass(10) print(obj.value) \# Output: 10 obj.value = 20 print(obj.value) \# Output: 20 del obj.value 1. 162\. How do you add a specific setter, getter, and deleter to a property created with built-in function property()? You can add a specific setter, getter, and deleter to a property by defining the respective methods and passing them to the property() function. Example: class MyClass: def init(self, value): self.\_value = value def get\_value(self): return self.\_value def set\_value(self, value): self.\_value = value def del\_value(self): del self.\_value value = property(get\_value, set\_value, del\_value) obj = MyClass(10) print(obj.value) \# Output: 10 obj.value = 20 print(obj.value) \# Output: 20 del obj.value 1. 163\. How do you use the built-in function property() as a decorator? You can use the property() function as a decorator by defining the getter method and using the \@property decorator, then defining the setter and deleter methods with the same name and using the @.setter and @.deleter decorators. Example: class MyClass: def init(self, value): self.\_value = value \@property def value(self): return self.\_value \@value.setter def value(self, value): self.\_value = value \@value.deleter def value(self): del self.\_value obj = MyClass(10) print(obj.value) \# Output: 10 obj.value = 20 print(obj.value) \# Output: 20 del obj.value 1. 164\. What is a module? A module is a file containing Python code that defines functions, classes, and variables. It can be imported and used in other Python programs. 1. 165\. What is a package? A package is a collection of modules organized in directories that provide a hierarchical structure. It allows for better organization and management of related modules. 1. 166\. Why do we need modules and packages for programming and software development? Modules and packages are needed for: Organizing code into manageable and reusable components. Promoting code reuse and modularity. Simplifying code maintenance and debugging. Avoiding naming conflicts by providing namespaces. 1. 167\. What is modular programming? Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes dividing a program into separate, self-contained modules, each responsible for a specific functionality. This approach enhances code readability, maintainability, and reusability. 1. 168\. How are modules and packages related? Modules are individual files containing Python code, while packages are collections of related modules organized in directories. A package can contain multiple modules and sub-packages. 1. 169\. What Python script file (.py) is needed in a Python package directory? Why is it needed? A Python package directory must contain an init.py file. This file is needed to mark the directory as a package and can be used to initialize the package or set up the package\'s namespace. 1. 170\. How do you import a module to your Python program? You can import a module using the import statement. Example: import math print(math.sqrt(16)) \# Output: 4.0 1. 171\. How do you import specific functions, classes, and variables from a module? You can import specific functions, classes, and variables using the from \... import \... statement. Example: from math import sqrt, pi print(sqrt(16)) \# Output: 4.0 print(pi) \# Output: 3.141592653589793 1. 172\. How do you import a specific module from a package? You can import a specific module from a package using the from \... import \... statement. Example: from mypackage import mymodule mymodule.my\_function() 1. 173\. How do you refer to a specific function, class, or variable defined in an imported module? You refer to a specific function, class, or variable defined in an imported module using dot notation. Example: import math print(math.sqrt(16)) \# Output: 4.0 1. 174\. How do you create and use your own modules or packages? To create a module, write Python code in a.py file. To create a package, organize related modules in a directory and include an init.py file. You can then import and use them in other programs. Example: mymodule.py def my\_function(): print(\"Hello from my module!\") main.py import mymodule mymodule.my\_function() \# Output: Hello from my module! 1. 175\. What modules or packages are available for the following purposes? Generating random numbers: random Performing mathematical operations: math, cmath Developing applications involving date, time, and calendar: datetime, time, calendar Interfacing operating systems: os Accessing and manipulating file systems: os, shutil Playing and manipulating video/audio files: pygame, wave, pydub Implementing functionalities related to information and network security: hashlib, ssl Logging events during program runtime: logging Creating and manipulating graphics and images: PIL (Pillow), matplotlib Accessing and manipulating databases in your Python applications: sqlite3, pymysql 1. 176\. What is a terminal-based application? What is a terminal in this context? A terminal-based application is a program that runs in a text-based interface, such as a command-line interface (CLI). A terminal is a text input/output environment where users can interact with the operating system Sure, I\'ll continue answering the questions from 176 to 189 using the information from \"Introduction to Computer Programming with Python (OER-202301\_Wang\_2023-Introduction-to-Computer-Programming-with-Python (1).pdf)\". 176\. What is a terminal-based application? What is a terminal in this context? A terminal-based application is a program that runs in a text-based interface, such as a command-line interface (CLI). A terminal is a text input/output environment where users can interact with the operating system by typing commands and receiving text-based output. 1. 177\. What is a GUI-based application? Give some examples of GUI-based applications. A GUI-based (Graphical User Interface) application is a program that provides a graphical interface for user interaction, including elements like windows, buttons, menus, and icons. Examples of GUI-based applications include web browsers, word processors, and graphic design software. 1. 178\. What Python libraries/modules are available for developing GUI-based applications? Python libraries/modules available for developing GUI-based applications include: Tkinter PyQt Kivy wxPython 1. 179\. What is the Tkinter module? The Tkinter module is a standard Python library used for creating GUI-based applications. It provides a set of tools for building graphical user interfaces, including widgets like buttons, labels, and text boxes. 1. 180\. What widgets are provided in the Tkinter module for implementing a GUI? The Tkinter module provides various widgets for implementing a GUI, including: Button Label Entry Text Frame Canvas Menu Checkbutton Radiobutton Listbox Scrollbar Scale Spinbox Toplevel 1. 181\. What methods are available for accessing and manipulating these widgets? Methods available for accessing and manipulating Tkinter widgets include: pack() grid() place() config() bind() get() set() 1. 182\. With Tkinter, how do you create a main GUI window/frame? To create a main GUI window/frame with Tkinter, you use the Tk() class to create the main window and the Frame class to create a frame within the window. Example: import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() frame = tk.Frame(root) frame.pack() root.mainloop() 1. 183\. How do you add a title to a window in Tkinter? To add a title to a window in Tkinter, you use the title() method of the Tk class. Example: import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() root.title(\"My Application\") root.mainloop() 1. 184\. How do you set or change the size of a window in Tkinter? To set or change the size of a window in Tkinter, you use the geometry() method of the Tk class. Example: import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() root.geometry(\"400x300\") root.mainloop() 1. 185\. What can you do with the Label, Entry, and Button widgets in a GUI? Label\*\*: Used to display text or images. Entry\*\*: Used to accept single-line text input from the user. Button\*\*: Used to perform an action when clicked. Example: import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() label = tk.Label(root, text=\"Enter your name:\") label.pack() entry = tk.Entry(root) entry.pack() def greet(): print(f\"Hello, {entry.get()}!\") button = tk.Button(root, text=\"Greet\", command=greet) button.pack() root.mainloop() 1. 186\. How do you associate a command to the Button widget? To associate a command to the Button widget, you use the command parameter of the Button class to specify the function to be called when the button is clicked. Example: import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() def greet(): print(\"Hello, World!\") button = tk.Button(root, text=\"Greet\", command=greet) button.pack() root.mainloop() 1. 187\. What can you do with the following widgets in a GUI? Checkbutton: Used to create a checkbox that can be toggled on or off. Menu: Used to create a menu bar with dropdown menus. OptionMenu: Used to create a dropdown menu with a list of options. PanedWindow: Used to create a window with resizable panes. Radiobutton: Used to create a set of mutually exclusive radio buttons. Frame: Used to create a container for grouping other widgets. LabelFrame: Used to create a labeled container for grouping other widgets. Text: Used to create a multi-line text input field. Canvas: Used to create a drawing area for graphics. Scale: Used to create a slider for selecting a value from a range. Scrollbar: Used to add scrolling capability to other widgets. Spinbox: Used to create a text box with up/down arrows for selecting a value. Toplevel: Used to create a new top-level window. 1. 188\. How do you add a widget to a Tkinter window or specific frame? To add a widget to a Tkinter window or specific frame, you create the widget and use a geometry manager method like pack(), grid(), or place() to position it. Example: import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() frame = tk.Frame(root) frame.pack() label = tk.Label(frame, text=\"Hello, World!\") label.pack() root.mainloop() 1. 189\. How do you place a widget within a Tkinter window or frame? To place a widget within a Tkinter window or frame, you use one of the geometry manager methods: pack(), grid(), or place(). pack()\*\*: Packs widgets into the parent widget in a specified order. grid()\*\*: Places widgets in a grid layout with rows and columns. place()\*\*: Places widgets at specific x and y coordinates. Example using pack(): import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() label = tk.Label(root, text=\"Hello, World!\") label.pack() root.mainloop() Example using grid(): import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() label = tk.Label(root, text=\"Hello, World!\") label.grid(row=0, column=0) root.mainloop() Example using place(): import tkinter as tk root = tk.Tk() label = tk.Label(root, text=\"Hello, World!\") label.place(x=50, y=50) root.mainloop() 1.