Introduction to Human Anatomy Notes PDF

IN TR O DUC TIO N TO H UM A N A N A TO M Y By Zaitunnatakhin Zamli A Point of Reflection By the fig and the olive ˹of Jerusalem˺ (1) and Mount Sinai (2) and this secure city ˹of Mecca˺! (3) Indeed, We created humans in the best form (4). But We will re...

IN TR O DUC TIO N TO H UM A N A N A TO M Y By Zaitunnatakhin Zamli A Point of Reflection By the fig and the olive ˹of Jerusalem˺ (1) and Mount Sinai (2) and this secure city ˹of Mecca˺! (3) Indeed, We created humans in the best form (4). But We will reduce them to the lowest of the low ˹in Hell˺ (5) except those who believe and do good—they will have a never-ending reward (6). Now, what makes you deny the ˹final˺ Judgment? (7) Is Allah not the most just of all judges? (8) Translation by Dr. Mustafa Khattab A Point of Reflection There are ˹countless˺ signs on earth for those with sure faith (20) as there are within yourselves. Can you not see? (21) [Adh-Dhariyat : 20-21] Translation by Dr. Mustafa Khattab LEA RN IN G O UTC O M ES Define the anatomical planes, sections, directions and movements. Describe the structural organization of the body. Describe the orientation of the body in the anatomical position. Describe the basic tissues and membranes. Relate the structures to their corresponding body regions, cavities and membrane. IN TRO DUC TIO N HUMAN ANATO MY ana= up;tomy = process of cutting Study of form and structure of the human body, and the relationship of its constituent parts to each other. s u b d is c ip l in es o f ANATO MY Gross or macroscopic anatomy: comparative, developmental, regional, surface, clinical and systemic anatomy and embryology Microscopic anatomy: cytology and histology A N A TO M IC A L P O S ITIO N b o d y o r ien t a t io n Stand upright. Face and eyes forward. Upper limbs at the side. The palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Heels together, feet directed forward with toes touching. Anterior Posterior view view P LA N ES & S EC TIO N S Mid - s a g it t a l / Med ia n p l a n e Median plane bisecting body into equal right and left halves. Sagittalor Parasagittalplane? Fr o n t a l / Co r o n a l p l a n e Any vertical plane that perpendicular to median plane. Cr o s s - s ec t io n a l / Tr a n s v er s e p l a n e Any plane that perpendicular to median AND coronal planes. O b l iq u e p l a n e Passes through the body at an angle. A B C D A B C DIREC TIO N S Rel a t iv el y t o t h e f r o n t o r b a c k o f t h e b o d y Anterior (Ventral) / Posterior (Dorsal) Rel a t iv e t o t h e h ea d o r t a il o f t h e b o d y Superior (Cranial) / Inferior (Caudal) Rel a t iv e t o t h e mid l in e o r c en t r e o f t h e b o d y Medial / Lateral Deep / Superficial Rel a t iv e t o p o in t o f a t t a c h men t o f t h e a p p en d a g es t o t r u n k Proximal / Distal A N G ULA R M O V EM EN TS Fl ex io n reduce angle between articulating bones (sagittal plane). Ex t en s io n opposite to flexion. Hy p er ex t en s io n opposite to flexion; and beyond the anatomical position. La t er a l f l ex io n reduce angle between articulating bones (coronal plane). A N G ULA R M O V EM EN TS... Ab d u c t io n away from the midline (coronal plane). Ad d u c t io n opposite to abduction. Cir c u md u c t io n movement of limb in circle. RO TA TIO N A L M O V EM EN TS Med ia l r o t a t io n rotation of the limb along its longitudinal axis, so that the anterior surface of the limb facing medially La t er a l r o t a t io n opposite to medial rotation. Pr o n a t io n medial rotation of the forearm whereby the palm facing posteriorly. Su p in a t io n opposite to pronation. S P EC IA L M O V EM EN TS Dep r es s io n movement of a body part inferiorly. El ev a t io n opposite to depression. Pr o t r a c t io n movement of a body part anteriorly. Ret r a c t io n opposite to protraction. S P EC IA L M O V EM EN TS... In v er s io n movement of foot that turns the sole inward. Ev er s io n opposite to inversion. Do r s if l ex io n menumit movement of ankle joint whereby the dorsal part of the foot moving toward the leg. Pl a n t a r f l ex io n opposite to dorsiflexion. M O V EM EN TS M O V EM EN TS BO DY REG IO N S a x ia l r eg io n s Head Neck Trunk APPENDICULAR REGIO NS Upper limb Lower limb BO DY C A V ITIES DO RSAL BO DY CAVITY Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity VENTRAL BO DY CAVITY Thoracic cavity - Pleural cavities & Pericardial cavity in mediastenum Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal cavity & Pelvic cavity BO DY M EM BRA N ES DEFINITIO N Flat sheets of tissues that cover or line a part of body. It forms by epithelium and/or connective tissues. t y p es Epithelial membrane Synovial membrane EP ITHELIA L M EM BRA N E 1. mu c o u s memb r a n e / mu c o s a Lines the body cavity that opens directly to the exterior (i.e.gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tracts and the urinary tract). Epithelium– depends on the region. Connective tissues – lamina propria. Often adapted for absorption and secretion. EP ITHELIA L M EM BRA N E... 2. s er o u s memb r a n e / s er o s a Lines the body cavity that does not open directly toexterior, the andcovers organs that lie within the cavity. Epithelium– mesothelium (simple squamous epi.) Connective tissues – loose c.t Consists of: - Parietal layer - Visceral layer Types: - Pleura - Pericardium heart only - Peritoneum EP ITHELIA L M EM BRA N E... 3.CUTANEO US memb r a n e / s KIN Covers the surface of the body. Epithelium– keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Connective tissues– loose and dense c.t S YN O V IA L M EM BRA N E Lines the fibrous capsule surrounding the joint. Only have loose connective tissues. LEV ELS O F HUM A N BO DY S YS TEM S O F HUM A N BO DY INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM N A M E THE O R G A N S THA T FO R M EA C H BO DY S YS TEM A N D S TA TE THEIR FUN C TIO N S. C ELLULA R LEV EL Name and label the various parts of cell. Cytology is a study of an individual cell. Cells have various shapes, sizes and functions. Components of a cell: - Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm o Cytosol o Organelles (e.g.........) - Nucleus C ELLULA R LEV EL Name and label the various parts of cell. Cell junctions are the cell -to-cell or cell-to- matrix contact points. Functions- acts as an anchor, a sealer or channels. Types of cell junctions: - Tight junctions - Adherens junctions - Desmosomes - Hemidesmosomes - Gap junctions TIS S UE LEV EL b a s ic t is s u es Epithelial tissue - highly cellular, avascular, regenerate. - √ basement membrane and nerve supply. Connective tissue - Highly vascular and innervated* - √ cells and extracellular matrix. Muscle tissue - Consists of muscle fibers (cells). Nervous tissues - Consists of neurons and neuroglia. TIS S UE LEV EL... Name the following epithelial tissues. State the structural SURFACE ep it h el ia l t is s u e features, functions and locations of each. Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium (with microvilli/cilia) Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised / nonkeratinised). Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium Transitional epithelium TIS S UE LEV EL... g l a n d u l a r ep it h el ia l t is s u e Types: - Exocrine gland - Endocrine gland Classification: - Number of cells (unicellular / multicellular) - Duct system (simple / compound) - Secretory part (tubular / alveolar / tubulo-alveolar) - Mode of secretion (merocrine / apocrine / holocrine) - Types of secretion (serous / mucous / mixed) TIS S UE LEV EL... emb r y o n ic c o n n ec t iv e t is s u e Mesenchyme Mucous c.t ma t u r e c o n n ec t iv e t is s u e Loose c.t – areolar c.t, adipose tissue, reticular c.t Dense c.t – dense regular c.t, dense irregular c.t, elastic c.t Cartilage – hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage Bone Blood Lymph TIS S UE LEV EL... Name the following muscle tissues. State the major differences mu s c l e t is s u e between them. Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle TIS S UE LEV EL... n er v o u s t is s u e Neuron Neuroglial cells REV IS IO N Identify: Anatomy subdiscipline Plane & Section Direction Movement Body region Body cavity Systems Tissues EMAIL [email protected] P HO N E +6 0 1-114 2 8 9 8 11