Notes _ UKM Olimpiad.docx

Respiratory =========== COPD (wawo) ----------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - | | | |...

Respiratory =========== COPD (wawo) ----------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | 1. 2. | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Pneumonia (wawo) ---------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Definition** | | | | - | | | | **Etiologi** | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Risk factors** | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Classifications** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Pathophysiology** | | | | - a. b. c. | | | | - d. e. f. g. - - | | | | - h. - - - - - | | | | i. - - - - - - | | | | j. - - - - - | | | | k. l. | | | | **Clinical Features** | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | **Diagnosis** | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | | | | | - | | | | **Treatment** | | | |  | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Complications** | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Bronchitis (fel) ---------------- → inflammation of bronchi, causing mucus build up **Acute Bronchitis** (chest cold) → A lower respiratory tract infection that causes inflammation of the bronchi. Most frequently caused by a viral infection. Typically manifests with a self-limited cough. [Symptoms] - - - - - - - - - - - [Causes] - - - - - - - [Diagnosis] - - - - - - - - [Treatment] Symptomatic treatment - - - - - - - Antibiotic treatment - - **Chronic Bronchitis** [Causes] - - - Tuberculosis (cecil) -------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Mycobacterium tuberculosis are slender, rod-shaped, gram positive | | bacteria → need oxygen to survive (strict aerobes) | | | | Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a waxy cell wall made of mycolic acid | | (composed long chains of branched lipids → won't stain with gram → | | acid-fast → Ziehl-Neelsen → bright red color | | | | Wallnya juga membuat si bacteria ini menjadi resist weak | | disinfectants, and antibiotics | | | | **Definition** | | | | - | | | | **Types** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | **Risk Factors** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | **Clinical Features** | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | **Diagnosis** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | |  | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | **Treatment** | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | |  | | | | **Drug Resistant TB** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ COVID-19 (cecil) ---------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Definition** | | | | - - | | | | **Transmission** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - | | | | - - | | | | **Pathophysiology** | | | | - | | | | **Clinical Features** | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - - | | | | **Risk Factors for severe COVID-19** | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | | | | **Diagnosis** | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - | | | |  | | | | **Management** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - - - - | | | | - | | | |  | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Asthma (atmadji) ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a. i. ii. b. iii. iv. - - 1. 2. 3. a. b. c. 4. 5. d. e. f. 6. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pnemothorax (giu) ----------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pleural effusion (fel) ---------------------- *Ref: Osmosis [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gASiQ2I\_4KY]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gASiQ2I_4KY)* → collection of fluid in pleural space, can restrict lung expansion  [Pleural space physiology] - - - [Pathophysiology] **Too much fluid is produced** 1. - - - - - - - - - 2. - - **Too little is drained away** 3. - [Symptoms] - - - - - [Diagnosis] - - - - - - - - -  [Management & diagnostic] - - - - [Treatment] → to remove fluid and treat the cause - - - - - - -  Cardiology ========== Supraventricular arrhythmias (giu) ---------------------------------- **Physiology** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Quick way to estimate HR in ECG (depending of boxes between R wave | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Arrhythmias** - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Bradyarrhythmias** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Tachyarrhythmias** | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ AV block (giu) -------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ventricular arrhythmias (atmadji) --------------------------------- Ventricular Tachycardia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Premature ventricular contraction (wawo) ---------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Definition | | | | - - - - | | | | Etiology | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - | | | | Pathophysiology | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - | | | | Classification | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - | | | | Clinical features | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | Diagnostics | | | | - - | | | | Treatment | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | Complications | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Heart Failure (giu) ------------------- - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Systolic heart failure** | | | | - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Diastolic heart failure** | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Systolic heart failure** | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Diastolic heart failure** | | | | - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Complications of Left Heart Failure** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Complication of Right Heart Failure** | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Treatment** | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Pericarditis (cecil) -------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Definition** | | | | - - - - | | | | **Etiology** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Clinical features** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | Chronic pericarditis | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | **Subtypes and variant** | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | **Diagnostic** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Treatment** | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | **Complications** | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Hypertension (fel) ------------------ *Ref: Osmosis [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm5kB5X70oA&t=282s]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm5kB5X70oA&t=282s)* [Blood pressure:] - - - - [Mechanism:] - - - [Classification]  +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[Primary Hypertension]** | | | | - - | | | | [Risk Factor:] | | | | - - - - | | | | Symptoms: usually none | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[Secondary Hypertension]** | | | | → hypertension with underlying cause | | | | Example: | | | | - - | | | | - | | | | Symptoms: associated with the underlying cause | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Hypertensive Crisis]** → when the blood pressure gets **really high, really fast** - - **Urgency** → no damage to end organs (brain, heart, kidney, lungs) **Emergency** → evidence of damage to end organs Symptoms: - - - - [Treatment] - - - - - Deep vein thrombosis (WAWO) --------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Definition** | | | | - - - - | | | | **Etiologi** | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - - | | | | - - | | | | **Pathophysiology** | | | | - | | | | **Clinical features** | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - | | | | - - | | | | **Diagnostic** | | | |  | | | |  | | | | **Treatment** | | | | - - - - - - - | | | | - | | | | - - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | | | | - - | | | | - - - - | | | | **Complications** | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Acute coronary syndromes (fel) ------------------------------ *Ref: Osmosis [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PChi3kqLK5k]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PChi3kqLK5k) & [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ond98UVBvyE]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ond98UVBvyE)* → Spectrum of conditions resulting from **thrombus formation** in the **coronary arteries** following **rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque** - [Pathology] - - - **Main coronary artery** - - - - - - - - - - - - - [Cardiac Ischemia Classification] 1. - 2. - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)** | | | | → **complete acute blockage** of the coronary artery → leading to | | transmural infarct of the myocardial wall applied by that artery | | | | \**Transmural infarct: an area of ischemic necrosis that extends | | through the full thickness of myocardial wall, including the | | endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.* | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)** | | | | → **supply and demand mismatch** → leading to **non-transmural | | subendocardial infarct** | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Unstable Angina (UA)** | | | | → **supply and demand mismatch** → leading to **myocardial ischemia** | | but not infarction | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ [Risk Factors] Modifiable: - - - - - - Non-modifiable: - - - - [Sign and symptoms] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **→** in female, diabetics & elderly, symptoms may present without chest pain [Diagnosis] **ECG** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lab investigations: - - - - **Coronary angiography** (definitive investigation) → provides visualization of the affected coronaries **Chest X-Ray** → can reveal cardiomegaly & pulmonary edema **Echocardiography** → can be done to evaluate secondary complications - [Treatment ] **MONA** - - - - - **Reperfusion** Indications: - - - - Medical: - - - - - Peripheral artery diseases (atmadji) ------------------------------------ Definition: - - - - Belajar cardio order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.