Science Notes - Quarter 2

Summary

These notes provide an overview of weathering, erosion, and related topics in science, covering physical, chemical, and biological processes. The document also includes information on soil types and horizons.

Full Transcript

**(QUARTER 2 NOTES)\ Part 1 - Science\ \ 1. WEATHERING\ -What is Weathering?\ Weathering is when minerals and rocks break down near/or the Earth's surface.\ \ -What are the processes of "weathering"\ Physical\ Chemical\ Biological\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\...

**(QUARTER 2 NOTES)\ Part 1 - Science\ \ 1. WEATHERING\ -What is Weathering?\ Weathering is when minerals and rocks break down near/or the Earth's surface.\ \ -What are the processes of "weathering"\ Physical\ Chemical\ Biological\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 2. Erosion\ -What is Erosion?\ Erosion is a process of removing and transporting weathered material.\ \ -What are counted as weathered material?\ Sediments\ Soil\ Rock particles/rocks\ \ -How is the weathered material driven from one place to another?\ Wind\ Water\ Ice\ Gravity\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 3. Similarities of Weathering and Erosion\ -What are the Similarities of Both?\ They are both geological processes.\ They both slowly shape/transform the Earth's surface over time.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ 4. What are the causes of each weathering types\ -What is the cause of Physical Weathering?\ Heating and Cooling\ Water\ Wind\ Ice expansion\ \ -What is the cause of Chemical Weathering?\ Substances in Air\ Substances in Rain\ \ -Biological\ Plants\ Animals\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 5. Sub-types of Weathering\ -What is Hydrolysis?\ It is the change in composition of minerals when they react with water.\ \ -Example of hydrolysis\ Silicate minerals combined with Rain/water (CHEMICAL WEATHERING) makes clay.\ \ Type of Weathering = Chemical Weathering\ \ \ -What is Exfoliation\ It is when layers of rocks peel away due to pressure release often occurring in granite rocks.\ \ Example of Exfoliation\ Everyday the sun rays point to the rocks. They start expanding causing stress/cracks on the rock. The rock will turn ALMOST into a perfect circle.\ \ Type of Weathering = Physical Weathering\ \ \ -What is Root Expansion?\ It is when roots grow into cracks exerting pressure and causing a physical breakdown.\ \ Example of Root Expansion\ A big Narra tree grows through rocks breaking it apart.\ \ Type of Weathering = Biological Weathering\ \ \ \ What is Abrasion?\ It's when rocks collide resulting in the breaking and wearing away of rocks.\ \ Cause of Abrasion\ Gravity\ Water\ Wind\ \ Type of Weathering = Physical Weathering\ \ \ -What is Oxidation?\ Oxidation occurs in rocks that are iron-rich, when oxygen gets inside, it turns red OR rusts.\ \ -Example of Oxidation\ A rock that is iron-rich gets oxygen inside. It turns red overtime.\ \ Type of Weathering = Chemical Weathering\ \ \ -What is Burrowing of Animals?\ It is when an animal digs/burrow through rocks to create openings\ \ Type of Weathering = Biological Weathering\ \ \ -What is Carbonation?\ It is when Carbonic acids get intact with rocks which speeds up the process of hydrolysis.\ \ Type of Weathering = Chemical Weathering\ \ \ What is Thermal Expansion?\ It is when heating and cooling of rocks lead to stress and cracks due to the temperature changes.\ \ Type of Weathering = Physical Weathering\ \ \ \ What is Ice Wedging?\ It is when water travels through rocks and it freezes and makes the rock break causing a bigger hole.\ \ Type of Weathering = Physical Weathering\ \ \ What are Lichens and Moss doing for the sub-types of Weathering?\ It produces acids that can contribute to chemical breakdown of rocks.\ \ Example of Lichens and Moss effects\ Covered rocks with moss, the acids slowly break the rock.\ \ Type of Weathering = Biological Weathering\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 6. Soil Erosion\ -What are Parent Rocks rich from?\ Feldspar\ Other Minerals\ \ -What are the differences of Black Soil and Red Soil?\ a. Black soils are commonly rich in organic material.\ b. Red soil has iron-rich parent rocks.\ \ -What are the layers of soil in order?\ 1. Organic\ 2.Top soil\ 3. Subsoil\ 4. Parent material\ 5. Bedrock\ \ -How are Soil Horizons arranged?\ It is arranged vertically in a soil profile.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ -Arranged orders of each horizon.\ 1. O (organic layer)\ 2. A (topsoil)\ 3. E (topsoil)\ 4. B (subsoil)\ 5. C (parent material)\ 6. R (bedrock)\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 7. River System\ -What is Earth's income and expenses\ a. Income is called Precipitation (climate)\ b. Expense is called Evapotranspiration (Evaporation)\ \ -What is the "Journey" of a river?\ 1. Source = Where the river originates\ 2. Tributaries = Smaller rivers that flow into the bigger river\ 3. Oxbow Lake = Crescent shaped lake along a river\ 4. Confluence = Where 2 water bodies meet\ 5. Distributary = A part of the main river that separates and makes a small river\ 6. Floodplain = Flatland that is prone to flooding\ 7. River Mouth = The end of a river where it meets the sea\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 8. Ground Water\ -What is an Aquifer?\ It is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rocks.\ \ -What is a Permeable rock?\ They are layers of porous rock and sand capable of holding water.\ \ -What is Surface Water?\ They are bodies of water on the earth's surface like lakes.\ \ -What is Ground Water?\ They are water that saturates in soil, sand and rock beds supplying springs and wells.\ \ -What does Ground water do?\ It fills the spaces between soil particles and fractured rocks beneath the earth's surface.\ \ -What is Porosity?\ It is a volume of rocks or sediments, the percentage of the rocks or sediments that consist of open spaces.\ \ -What is Permeability?\ It is the ease where water can pass through porous material such as rocks or sediments.** **- What is the Zone Of Aeration?\ It lies between Earth's surface and water table. It has three regions namely, soil moisture, Region capillary fringe, and dry region.\ \ -What is the Zone Of Saturation?\ The layer of an aquifer in which the pore space is saturated with water.\ \ -What is the Artesian Formation?\ A sloping layer of permeable rock is sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **9. Determining Relative Age\ -What are layers of rock called?** **The layers of rocks are called strata and they pile up over time.\ \ -What is uniformitarianism?** **Uniformitarianism is the changing of the earth's crust over time.\ ** **-What is the law of superposition?** **The older rock layers are being stacked/covered by layers of younger rocks.\ \ -What are the Principles of Original Horizontality?** **It states that layers of sediment originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity meaning, that any sloping of layers must have occurred AFTER the layers formed.\ \ -What is a graded Bedding?\ It is when the Position of rock layers is the size of the particles in the layers. Heavy particles are located at the bottom layers.\ \ -What are Cross-beds?\ It is when the position of rock layers is in the shape of bedding planes. Sandy sediments form curved beds at an angle to the bedding plane.\ \ -What are Ripple marks?\ They are small waves that form on the surface of the sand because of the action of water or wind. The crests of the ripple marks point upward.\ \ -What are crosscutting relationships?\ They are when the youngest rock layer penetrates through the older rocks.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 11. Determining Absolute Age\ -What is Absolute Age?\ The numeric age of a layer of rocks or fossils.\ \ -How to estimate Rock's absolute age?\ Varve count (They are a sedimentary layer of sand or slit that is deposited annually in lakes, near ice sheets.)\ Rate of Deposition (It is an action of adding soil, rock, and/or dissolved material to a landform or landmass.)\ Rate of Erosion (Removing soil and dissolved material from one location to another.)\ \ \ -How to use varve count in estimating the absolute age of rocks?\ Each varve/line is estimated to ALWAYS be 1 year.\ \ Ex: The rock has 10 varves, how old is the rock? Why?\ Answer: 10 years old, because there are 10 varves and 1 varve = 1 year.\ \ \ \ -How to use Radiometric dating? (IN ORDER/HAS INSTRUCTIONS) (hf = half life)\ \ The wood is a wheel. Its ratio within its age is 1:16. It is Carbon-14 and each half life takes 5,730 years. How old is the wood?\ \ 1. Multiply the numbers repeatedly (1x1 = 2x2 = 4x2 = 8x2 =16)\ 2. Put all the solutions. (1:16 2:16 4:16 8:16 16:16)** **3. Count its half-lives. ( 0hf 1hf 2hf 3hf 4hf)** **\ Answer: The wood has 4 half lives.\ \ Compute your answer and show your solution of how old the wood is.\ \ 1. Since it had 4 half-lives we started multiplying it. (5,730 x 4 = 22,920)\ 2. After multiplying it, that\'s your answer\ \ Answer: The wood had 4 half-lives and the wood is 22,920 years old.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- 12. Precambrian Time\ -What are the Geologic TIme Scales in order?\ 1. Eons\ 2. Eras\ 3. Periods\ 4. Epochs\ \ \ \ \ -Precambrian Timeline (in order) (4,600 Ma - 542 Ma)\ 1. First crustal rocks form\ 2. Earth's surface is cool enough for liquid water.\ 3. First known unicellular life appears (cyanobacteria)\ 4. Earth's atmosphere starts to become oxygen rich.\ 5. First known multicellular life appears.\ 6. First fungi appear.\ 7. First shelled organisms, such as arthropods and mollusks, appear.\ \ -What are Precambrian shields?\ They are stones that are mineral rich and can be sold for a lot of money.\ \ -Earth's Life forms\ 1.Cyanobacteria\ 2. Stromatolites (fossils)\ 3. Fungi\ 4. Arthropods\ 5. Mollusks\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ \ \ \ 13. Paleozoic Era Timeline\ -Paleozoic era timeline (In order) (542-251 Ma)\ 1. Cambrian Period (First possible vertebrates appear)\ 2. Ordovician Period (Modern, oxygen-rich atmosphere has formed)\ 3. Silurian Period (First land plants appear and first arthropods appear on land.)\ 4. Devonian Period (First amphibians appear.)\ 5. Carboniferous Period (First reptiles appear.)\ 6. Permian Period (Formation of Pangaea is complete and the Permian mass extinction results from major environmental changes.\ \ \ \ -What happened in the Cambrian Period?\ Due to warm-shallow seas, an explosion of marine life occurred. The most common marine life was the trilobites and brachiopods.\ \ -What happened in the Ordovician Period?\ A. The population of trilobites has started to decrease.\ B. Clamlike brachiopods and cephalopod mollusks become the new dominant life forms.\ C. The first sighting of vertebrates, known as Ordovician fish, appeared in this period.\ D. Small tiny invertebrates called graptolites flourished in numbers.\ \ -What happened in the Silurian Period?\ A. Vertebrates and Invertebrate life forms continue to thrive.\ B. Echinoderms become more common.\ C. Scorpion-like creatures, known as eurypterids existed during the Silurian period.\ \ -What happened in the Devonian Period?\ A. The Devonian Period is known as the Age Of Fishes.\ B. The new marine life, the Lungfish, has the ability to breathe air.\ C. Rhipidistians are also air-breathing fish that have strong fins which allows them to crawl on land.\ D. Ichthyostega, the first amphibians resembled huge salamanders.\ \ -What happened in the Carboniferous Period?** **a. It is the period when giant insects ruled the sky and land.\ b. The climate was generally warm and the humidity was extremely high.\ c. Amphibians and fish continued to flourish during this period.\ d. Crinoids in the ocean\ e. Giant cockroaches and dragonflies on land.\ \ -What happened in the Permian Period?\ a. Mark an end of the Paleozoic era.\ b. Mass extinction of a large number of Paleozoic life.\ c. The reason for the extinction is because of the collision of tectonic plates during the formation of the supercontinent, Pangaea.\ d. Mountains, deserts, and dry savannas are developed, while seas retreat.\ \ 14. Mesozoic Era\ \ -What happened after the Permian Period?\ The Great Permian Extinction due to volcanic activity being rough due to the consecutive collision of tectonic plates.\ \ -Mesozoic Era Timeline (in order) (251 - 65.5 Ma)\ 1. Triassic Period (Pangaea start breaking apart. First mammals appear.)\ 2. Jurassic Period (First primitive birds appear.)\ 3. Cretaceous Period (First flowering plants appear, First modern birds appear, The last dinosaurs become extinct. Catastrophic meteorite impact occurs.)\ \ \ -What happened in the Triassic Period?\ a. Dinosaurs appeared in the Triassic Period.\ b. They weigh only as much as 125 tons (squirrel size), about 4m to 5m long, and move quickly.\ c. Ichthyosaurs lived in the Triassic Ocean.\ d. Ammonite is a type of shellfish that is similar to nautilus in the modern day.\ \ -What happened in the Jurassic Period?\ a. Dinosaurs became the dominant life form in this period.\ b. Based on the fossil record, dinosaurs here are classified into two;\ c. Saurischians, also known as lizard-hipped dinosaurs.\ d. Ornithischians, also known as bird-hipped dinosaurs. (Stegosaurus)\ e. Pterosaurs were the first flying reptiles in this period.\ \ -What happened in the Cretaceous Period?\ a. Tyrannosaurus rex, stood nearly 6m tall and has sharp teeth and big jaws.\ b. Armored ankylosaurus.\ c. Ceratopsian, horned dinosaurs\ d. Hadrosaurs, duck billed dinosaurs.\ e. Plant life forms become more sophisticated. The earliest angiosperm.\ \ -The Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction\ a. This period marks the end of the Mesozoic era, as well as the entire population of dinosaurs.\ b. The mass extinction was believed to be caused by environmental phenomena that alter continents' placements and increased volcanic activities.\ \ \ \ \ \ 15. Cenozoic Era\ -What happened in the Quaternary-Tertiary Periods?\ a. The Cenozoic Era is divided into two periods\ b. Tertiary Period, the time before the ice age.\ c. Quaternary Period, the last ice age and the present.\ d. The Cenozoic Era also covers seven Epochs; Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene (Tertiary) - Pleistocene and Holocene (Quaternary).\ \ 15. The Paleocene and Eocene Epoch\ a. Many fossils recovered in these Epochs suggest that new mammals (rodents) appeared.\ b. Tarsier was the sole survivor of a group of primates common during the earlier Cenozoic era.\ c. The ancestors of horses evolved during the Eocene epoch.\ d. First whales, squirrels, and bats appeared in these Epochs.\ \ 16. The Oligocene & Miocene Epoch\ a. During the Oligocene Epoch, the Indian subcontinent collided with the Eurasian continent.\ b. The climate became significantly cooler and drier (favorable to grasses).\ c. During the Miocene Epoch, circumpolar currents formed around Antarctica.\ d. The Antarctic ice cap began to form.\ e. Largest land mammal.\ \ 17. The Pliocene Epoch\ A. During this Epoch, families of predators (bear, dog, and cat families) evolved into modern day forms.\ B. Giant ground sloth, a herbivore animal flourished in this Epoch.\ C. Dramatic climatic changes occurred, and the continental ice sheets began to spread.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ Part 2 - English\ 1. Recognizing Imagery\ \ -What is an Imagery?\ Imagery is the act of using language to create images in the reader's mind.\ \ -Types of Imagery\ 1. Literal Imagery (With literal imagery, a writer is literally describing things to the reader.)\ 2. Figurative Imagery (Using non-literal or metaphorical meaning of words to paint a picture for the reader. Each word has 2 meanings,)\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 2. Linguistic Analysis\ \ -What are Context Clues?\ Context clues are hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear within the same sentence with the word to which it refers, or it may come before or after the sentence where it is used.\ \ -What do context clues include?\ A. Definition\ Why: This refers to the meaning of the word as stated within the sentence.\ \ B. Synonym\ Why: This refers to another word that shares the same meaning with an unfamiliar word.\ \ C. Antonym\ Why: This refers to the opposite meaning of an unfamiliar word which supply a clue for the meaning.\ \ D. Example\ Why: This refers to the examples given which provide more information about the unfamiliar word.\ \ E. General Clues\ Why: This refers to non-specific clues spread throughout a passage or a text.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 3. Strategies: Drawing Conclusion & Making Inferences\ a. Watching a video or seeing a picture. After that, you figure out what happens next by trying to make your own ending.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 4. Verb Form/Tenses\ -What is a base form?\ It is a form that is the original.\ \ -What is a Past Form?\ Past of the base form.\ \ -What is a Past Participle?\ Same as the Past form.\ \ -What is the Present Participle?\ Same as the Base form\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ Part 3 - Mathematics\ 1. Basic Algebraic Concept, Terminologies, and Notations\ -What is an Algebraic Expression?\ It is a number, a variable, combination of both number and variable (s) and/or with operation symbols.\ \ Ex:\ 2n\ Y+2\ 3ab + 7 - 4y\ m\ (d - 4z) + 5bc\ \ \ -What is a Variable?\ A letter or a symbol\ \ Ex:\ k\ y\ s\ f\ y\ \ \ \ \ \ -What is a Term?\ a. It is a variable, a number or a product of a number and variable/s.\ b. It is separated by a plus or minus\ \ Ex:\ -18xy\ 6\ 7c2\ 5ad4\ \ \ -What is a Monomial?\ It is an Algebraic expression with one term.\ \ Ex:\ 5z5\ p\ -9jt3\ \ \ \ -What is a Binomial?\ It is an Algebraic expression with two terms.\ \ Ex:\ 4bd4 + 13\ 9n2 - d3x\ \ \ -What is a Trinomial?\ It is an Algebraic expression with three terms.\ \ Ex:\ 3n3 + 8a3c2 - xy\ 8 + 15m4 - 13s\ \ \ -What is a Polynomial?\ It is an Algebraic expression with two or more terms. (Binomial and Trinomial combined)\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ \ 2. Review of Algebra\ -What is the sum of 8 and t?\ Keyword: Sum\ Meaning: Addition\ Answer: 8 + t\ Reason: For addition of algebraic expression, you get the term.\ \ -What is the product of 5 and b?\ Keyword: Product\ Meaning: Multiplication\ Answer: 5b\ Reason: For multiplication of algebraic expression, you combine them.\ \ (Basically you get it.)\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 3. Like terms and Unlike terms (Q = Question A = Answer)\ \ -How to find the coefficient and variable?\ \ Ex: 7x\ Q: What is the coefficient?\ A: 7\ Q: What is the variable?\ A: x\ ** **-What is a constant?\ It is a number with no variables.\ \ Ex: 121\ \ \ -What is considered a like term?\ A. 5x + 7x C. 27td + 23td1\ B. 2f + 2f2 D. 4fym + 235fym1\ \ Answer: A\ Reason: Like terms only have the EXACT same variable and degree.\ \ \ \ \ -What is considered an unlike term?\ A. 2x3y + 23xy\ B. 32cm2 + (-23cm1)\ \ Answer: Both\ Reason: Even though they are similar, they are different in terms of variable and degree.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 4. How to find the 2 types of coefficient\ -What is a Literal Coefficient?\ It is when the variable/s is/are together with the exponent in a monomial.\ \ -What is a Numerical coefficient?\ It is the number in a term. Usually written before the literal coefficient.\ \ Ex: 4x2y3\ Q: What is the numerical coefficient in the given?\ A: 4\ \ Q: What is the literal coefficient in the given?\ A: x2y3\ \ Q: What are the variables in the given?\ A: x and y\ \ Q: What are the exponents in the given?\ A: 2 and 3\ \ Conclusion: The coefficient of 4 is x2y3.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 5. How to find the Degree of a Polynomial\ \ Ex: -5g2 - 34h\ Degree: 2\ Answer: The degree is 2\ \ Ex: 43 + q - 7r3s4\ Degree: 3 and 4\ Answer: 7\ Reason: Added them.\ \ \ \ Ex: 11x3y2z5 - 4a2b7c - 81 - 7c3d4\ Answer: 10\ Reason: They are the biggest number in the given so you add them and that\'s your degree.\ ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ 6. Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic expressions\ (Instructions nalang forgive me, i\'m tired.)\ 1. You place down the first given numbers with parentheses\ 2. Place the other given numbers with parentheses at the bottom of the first.\ 3. Use the BOTTOM\ \ \ \ \ \ **

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