8L Space & The Solar System Notes PDF

8L Space & The Solar System 🧬📄 The Moon appears differently depending on your location on Earth due to the planet'...

8L Space & The Solar System 🧬📄 The Moon appears differently depending on your location on Earth due to the planet's curvature and your position relative to the Moon's orbit. While the phases of the Moon (new, waxing, full, waning) are the same globally, its orientation and movement across the sky vary. 1. The Phases of the Moon The phases are the same worldwide, but the timing differs based on location and time zone. 2. Orientation of the Moon In England (Northern Hemisphere): The Moon appears upright with the dark side at the top during a full moon. In Australia (Southern Hemisphere): The Moon looks upside down, with the dark side at the bottom. This difference is due to the Earth's curvature and your viewpoint from different hemispheres. Questions that will be on the test: 1 The greater the distance, the longer it takes to orbit. 2 8La Gathering evidence 8Lb Seasons Seasons happen because the Earth's axis is tilted, causing different parts of the planet to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year. 3  Billions of years ago, the Earth was knocked off its axis of rotation (probably by colliding with large asteroids), today it is angled at 23.5 degrees from the vertical line. This is the reason for SEASONS. Equator 22nd June, when the Northern hemisphere is pointing towards the Sun, the days are long but nights are short. Northern hemisphere An invisible line separating and running around the middle of the Earth. Southern hemisphere The point around which the Earth rotates is angled at 23.5 degrees. Winter solstice 21st March and 23rd September, when neither hemisphere is pointing towards the Sun and there are equal amounts of day and night. Summer solstice 22nd December, when the Northern Hemisphere is pointing away from the Sun, the days are short and nights are long. Equinox The half of the globe which is above the equator Axis The half of the world which is below the equator 8Lc Magnetic Earth 4 The space where a magnet has an effect is called a magnetic field. A field in physics is a space where a particular force has an impact. You can find the shape of the field with iron fillings. The Earth's magnetic field is like a giant invisible force field that surrounds the planet. It is created by the movement of molten metal inside the Earth's outer core. This magnetic field helps protect us from harmful Sun radiation and makes compass needles point north. The earth's geographic and magnetic north poles are not the same place. The magnetic north pole is a point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic field points vertically downward, this is the only place it happens. Since opposite magnetic poles attract, the north end of a compass (a magnetic north pole) is attracted to the Earth's magnetic south pole (near the geographic North Pole). In summary, the Earth's magnetic field acts like a shield that protects us from harmful solar radiation and helps animals, like birds and turtles, navigate using the Earth's magnetic poles. 5 8Ld Gravity Mass (KG) - Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object or substance. It tells us how much "stuff" is present in an object, regardless of its location in the universe. Weight (N) - Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity. It depends on both the object's mass and the gravitational pull of the planet or celestial body it is on. The formula is Weight = Mass x Gravity A gravitational field is a region of space around a mass where another mass would experience a force due to gravity. It represents the influence that a massive object (like Earth, the Sun, or any other celestial body) exerts on other objects in its vicinity. The force of gravity on earth: 9.8 Newtons Mass doesn’t change anywhere, gravity changes depending on the location and the mass of the object exerting the gravitational force. 8Le Beyond the solar system constellation - patterns of stars Stars - huge balls of gas Galaxies—A galaxy is a vast system of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. It can contain billions or even trillions of stars, along with planets, moons, and other celestial objects. Galaxies are the largest known structures in the universe. The sun and our solar system are in a galaxy known as the Milky Way galaxy. Stars are very far apart. Scientists measure this distance in light years. One light year is the distance light travels in one year, which is approximately 10 million million km. Galaxies come in several different shapes, mainly classified into the following types: 1. Spiral Galaxies 6  Shape: Flat, rotating disks with spiral arms extending from a central bulge. Characteristics: Contain a mix of young and old stars, gas, and dust. Star formation occurs in the arms. Example: The Milky Way. 2. Elliptical Galaxies Shape: Oval or spherical, without distinct arms or a flat disk. Characteristics: Composed mostly of older stars and little gas or dust. Star formation is rare. Example: The Virgo Cluster has many elliptical galaxies. 3. Irregular Galaxies Shape: No defined shape, often chaotic or distorted. Characteristics: Rich in gas and dust, with active star formation. Can result from galaxy collisions. Example: The Large Magellanic Cloud. 4. Lenticular Galaxies Shape: A disk-like shape without spiral arms, often a transition between spiral and elliptical galaxies. Characteristics: Lacks the gas needed for new star formation, but has a flat disk. Example: The Sombrero Galaxy (M104). These are the main categories of galaxy shapes, each with its distinct features and characteristics. 7