Research in Social Studies 1 PDF

Research in Social Studies 1 Week 1 discovered facts that may be found to expand the knowledge gained from a previous. research or INTRODUCTION TO RES...

Research in Social Studies 1 Week 1 discovered facts that may be found to expand the knowledge gained from a previous. research or INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH verify if the same facts are found. 11. To improve educational practices, business The definition of Research practices, accounting practices, engineering practices, and medical practices, among others, to - is derived from the old French word “cerchier” raise the quality of mankind. meaning to seek or search. 12. To provide man with more of his basic and social - investigation or experimentation aimed to discover needs. and interpret facts, revised accepted theories or 13. To determine as unambiguously as possible either laws in light of new facts, or practical application of to accept or reject the null hypothesis. such new or revised theories or laws 14. To determine whether the assumptions of such a (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). specific problem is assumed to be true or false. - a detailed study of a subject, especially to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding Essential Factors for Effective Research (Cambridge Dictionary). - a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, 1. Money comparison, and experiment, the search for 2. Materials knowledge through objective and systematic 3. Men methods of finding solutions to a problem (Kothari, 2006). Characteristics of Good Research - the process of looking for a specific question in an organized, objective, and reliable way (Payton, According to Crawford (as quoted by Aquino) 1979). - a systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise process 1. It is a systematic and refined technique of thinking. to gain solutions to problems or to discover and 2. It employs specialized tools, instruments, and interpret new facts and relationships (Waltz and procedures to obtain adequate solutions to a Bansell, 1981). problem. - a serious study of a subject intended to discover 3. It starts with a problem, collects data, analyzes data new facts or test ideas (Longman Dictionary of critically, and reaches a decision based on actual Contemporary English, 1997). evidence. 4. It involves original work instead of an exercise of General Purposes of Research mere opinion. 5. It evolves from a genuine desire to know not only 1. Preservation and improvement of the quality of "what" but also "how much" rather than a desire to human life. prove something. 2. Enjoying the products of research. 3. Reduces man’s burden of work, improves According to de Leon and Claudio judgment, increases satisfaction in multitudinous ways, and adds to his power, among others. 1. Produce Processible Results. 2. Produce Specify Results Specific Purposes: 3. Produce Generalizable Results 4. Produce Interpretable Result 1. To discover new facts or new truths about known phenomena for primal existence. According to Best, good research... 2. To find answers to problems that are only practically solved by other fields of discipline. 1. Gather new data. 3. To improve existing methods and techniques. 2. Solves problems. 4. To discover the dangers of abusive use of 3. Develops sound theories. unprescribed drugs and some poisonous 4. Requires expertise. substances. 5. Involves an accurate observation and description. 5. To provide educational system order, related, valid 6. Is logical and objective generalizations into systematized science. 7. Is carefully recorded and reported. 6. To provide the basis for correct action and decision-making in education, business, industry, According to Thomas and Nelson (1996) nursing, medical field, accountancy, law 1. Good research must be systematic. enforcement, engineering, and architecture, among 2. Good research must be logical. others. 3. Good research must be empirical. 7. To satisfy the researcher's curiosity by searching 4. Good research must be reductive. again exhaustively new facts either for personal 5. Good research must be replicable. satisfaction, institutional benefit, or society's gain. 8. To find answers to queries using scientific studies, According to Wiersma (1995), a good research has the as to who comes first, eggs or hen. following characteristics: 9. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon that can be known and 1. Research is empirical. understood better by research such as why women 2. Research should be systematic. are generally smaller than men. 3. Research should be valid. 10. To expand or verify existing knowledge. This 4. Research should be reliable. usually happens when researchers replicate newly 5. Research can take on a variety of forms. According to Calmorin: Sociological Research Social Research 1. Good research is empirical. Psychological Research 2. Good research is logical. Anthropological Research 3. Good research is cyclical. Physical Research 4. Good research is analytical. Chemical Research 5. Good research is replicable. Business And Industrial Research 6. Good research is critical. Economics Research Health And Sanitation Research According to Paul Leedy, good research... Nursing And Medical Fields 1. Begins with a question in the mind of the The Research Process researcher. 2. Requires Plan. 3. Demands a clear statement of the problem. 4. Deals with the main problem through subproblems. 5. Seeks direction through appropriate hypotheses. 6. Deals with facts and their meaning. 7. Is circular Types of Research 1. According to Purpose 2. According to GOAL 3. According to Type of Analysis 4. According to Choice of Answer to Problems 5. According to Area oг Field of Study 1. According to Purpose UNDERSTANDING THE RESEARCH PROCESS Predictive Research (or Prognostic) - aims to determine the future functioning of the variables Stages of Scientific Method under consideration to control those variables. Directive Research - It tells what should be done based on the findings. The goal is to address an unsatisfactory condition, if any. Illuminative Research - is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variables being investigated. 2. According to GOAL Basic or Pure Research - It is sometimes called fundamental research. It is done for the development of theories or principles. Applied Research - It is the application of the results of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of theories and principles. Action Research - It is focused on immediate application, not on the development of theory or on general application. Steps in Conducting Research 3. According to Type of Analysis Specific steps guide the research process Analytic Research - the researcher attempts to The number of steps is indeterminate identify and isolate the components of the research. Various steps may be combined Hellenistic Research - the researcher begins with Order of steps may vary somewhat the total situation, focusing attention on the system The importance of specific steps is variable first and then on its internal relationships. “12 Steps of Research” 4. According to Choice of Answer to Problems 12 Steps of Research Evaluation Research - The researcher will find all 1. Identify the research question possible avenues for action, specify and identify 2. Initial review of the literature them, and attempt to find the most advanced 3. Distilling the question to a researchable problem solution to the Issue. 4. Continued review of the literature Developmental Research - The researcher's focus 5. Formulation of hypothesis is on finding or developing a more suitable 6. Determining the basic research approach instrument process, or material than has been 7. Identifying the population and sample available. 8. Designing the data collection plan 9. Selecting or developing data collection instruments 5. According to Area oг Field of Study 10. Choosing the method of data analysis  11. Implementing the research plan Manageability 12. Interpreting the results ○ Expertise, time, resources ○ Free from personal bias The Research Question Problem Distillation The foundation of the research process It all begins with a question The process of refining the question or idea into a problem and making it sufficiently specific so that it Types of Research Questions is amenable to investigation This process should lead to the development of a Conceptualize that a research study can ask three "statement of the problem" that is clear, concise, types of questions: and definitive 1. Descriptive question 2. Relationship question Statement of the Problem 3. Difference question This general classification scheme helps not only A very specific statement that identifies the problem with the design of the study but also in choosing the being studied; will usually identify the key variables type of data analysis procedure as well as give some information about the scope of the study 1. Descriptive Question May be in either question or declarative form May include inherent sub-problems, if appropriate Seeks to describe phenomena or characteristics of Formulation of the problem statement takes place a particular group of subjects being studied after an initial review of related literature and the ○ Answers the question "What is" distillation process Asking questions of the research participants Problem Statements Testing or measuring their performance "The problem of this study was to..." ○ Survey research "This study was concerned with..." Example "This study is designed to..." ○ What are the attitudes of rural parents "The purpose of this investigation is to..." toward the inclusion of sex education in the school curriculum? (Welshimer & Harris, Sample Problem Statements 1994) 1. The problem was to investigate the effects of 2. Relationship Question exercise on blood lipids among college-age females. Investigates the degree to which two or more 2. This study was designed to determine the variables are associated with each other relationship between stability performance and ○ Does not establish "cause-and-effect" physical growth characteristics of preschool ○ Only identifies the extent of the relationship children. between variables 3. The present study was designed to identify those Example characteristics that differentiate between students ○ Is there an association between who binge drink and those who do not. self-esteem and eating behaviors among 4. The problem of the study was to determine if there collegiate female swimmers? (Fey, 1998) is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-reported alcohol usage among middle-aged 3. Difference Question adult females. Seeks to make comparisons between or within Delimitations groups of interest ○ Often associated with experimental Delimitations define the scope of the study. That is, research they set the boundaries of the study Is there a difference between the Normally under the control of the researcher control group and the experimental Examples include group? ○ number and kinds of subjects ○ Comparison of one group to another based ○ treatment conditions on existing characteristics ○ tests, measures, and instruments used Example ○ type of equipment ○ Does participation in Special Olympics ○ location, environmental setting affect the self-esteem of adults with mental ○ type of training (time and duration) retardation? (Major, 1998) Limitations Criteria for Selecting a Problem Limitations are very similar to delimitations, but they Interest tend to focus on potential weaknesses of the study ○ Most important Examples include Significance ○ sampling problems (representativeness of ○ Theoretical value subjects) ○ Practical value ○ uncontrolled factors and extraneous ○ Timeliness variables ○ External review ○ faulty research design and techniques  ○ reliability and validity of measuring Error-producing variable that the researcher should instruments attempt to eliminate or control ○ compromises to internal/external validity May affect the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable if Limitations continued not adequately controlled Possible shortcomings of the study cannot be Controlling Extraneous Variables controlled by the researcher usually ○ the researcher will, of course, try to Excluding the variable eliminate extremely serious weaknesses Random selection of research participants before the study is commenced Matching cases according to some criterion Maybe a result of assumptions not being met No study is perfect; the researcher recognizes the Week 2 weaknesses IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Assumptions Research Problems - educational issues of concerns Assumptions are basic, fundamental conditions that studied by researchers must exist for the research to proceed Basic premises required in the study... the In education, a problem is a concern to educators that researcher does everything possible to increase the exists in educational settings. credibility of the assumptions but does not have absolute control To help locate your research problem for your thesis, Assumptions could be made about (1) the ask yourself such questions as: motivation of the subjects, (2) whether subjects What was the issue/problem you wanted to study? responded truthfully, (3) the validity of the What is the concern being addressed "behind" this measuring instrument, and (4) whether subjects study? followed directions correctly Why do you want to undertake this study? Concept of Variables Why is this study important to the scholarly community? A variable is a characteristic, trait, or attribute of a person or thing that can be classified or measured Defining Terms ○ Attitude Research Problem: Educational issue/problem in a ○ Gender study ○ Heart rate Research Topic: Broad subject matter being ○ Hair Color addressed in a study Variable - the condition or characteristic which in a Propere Major intent or object of study given study may have more than one value Research Questions: Questions to answer or Classification of Variables address in a study Quantitative - measured numerically Overview ○ Discrete ○ Continuous Qualitative - categorical in nature Independent Variable A variable that is presumed to influence another variable; the variable under study or the one that the researcher manipulates Two types ○ Active - variable is manipulated ○ Attribute - cannot be manipulated because it is a preexisting trait; sometimes called a "categorical" variable (e.g., race, gender) Dependent Variable The variable that is expected to change as a result Problem Researchability of the manipulation of the independent variable; that which is measured in a study 1. Will your research contribute to knowledge and practice? Extraneous Variable It fills a void or extends existing research It replicates a study with new participants or A variable that could contribute to some type of a new site error in a research study Problem has not be studied or Also referred to as… understudied ○ Confounding variable It gives "voice" to people not heard, ○ Intervening variable silenced, or rejected in society ○ Modifying variable It informs practice  2. Accessed to people & sites 7. Online Journals (anbar) 3. Time, Resources and wills 8. Google (search engine) 4. Therapy 5. To prove what your already know Initial Organizing The Literature Designing & Writing The Statement Of The Problem Print out your research problem and research purpose statement în font size 20pt & bold & 1. The research problem within this study adhere to a place near your computer where you 2. Justification for the problem (based on past regularly see. Do not be a dilettante. You need to research and practice) get a reasonably solid grasp of your proposed topic 3. Shortcoming of past research or practice relatively quickly in order to focus or flick. 4. The importance / significance of the problem Read, categorize, file Construct a literature map (different from but a pre- Getting Started requisite to a conceptual framework) Write down the purpose statement of your study PRESENTING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Embedded in this purpose statement are key terms that will help you to start your literature review Considerations When Choosing the Title This part of the literature review searches for core literature and it should focus almost exclusively on 1. Written last, not first empirical studies 2. Must have a title for proposal (may be provisional) Look for studies similar to your problem statement 3. Purpose of the title in the Philippines. Conveys focus of the study Look for studies similar to your problem statement 4. Problems with titles in other countries. Too long or too short Useless words Literature Priority Example of a Poor Title "An Investigation of a Survey and Analysis of the Influence of PL 94-142 on the Attitudes, Teaching Methodology, and Evaluative Techniques of Randomly Selected Male and Female Physical Education Teachers in Public High Schools in Cornfield County, State of Confusion" Better Title PL 94-142's Influence on Physical Education Teachers' Attitudes, Methodology, and Evaluations" Effect of X on Y Questions to ask When Contemplating a Title (Baumgartner and Hensley, 2006) 1. Does the title precisely identify the area of the problem? 2. Is the title clear, concise, free from jargon, and Where To Start adequately descriptive to permit indexing the study in its proper category? 1. Encyclopedia of educational research (Alkin, 1992) 3. Does the title identify the key variables and provide The appendix 'Doing library research in some information about the scope of the study? education' is brilliant 4. Are unnecessary words, such as "a study of," "an 2. Handbooks investigation of," and "an analysis of" avoided? International Handbooks of Educational 5. Do nouns, as opposed to adjectives, serve as the Administration, Educational Leadership, key words in the title? Lifelong Learning etc quickly introduce you 6. Have words been selected that will aid to the major players and research issues in computerized retrieval systems? your study 7. Are the most important words at the beginning of 3. Theses the title? Overseas - Dissertation abstracts, US computer disks British Dissertation Writing the Introduction abstracts Australia - Cunningham library, ACER, How to write a good introduction www.acer.edu.au ○ Demonstrate the point of the study 4. Databases ○ Omit technical jargon and products ERIC (Educational Resources Information ○ Know who you are writing for Centre) (world's largest source of ○ Write introduction after the problem and information one million abstracts) hypotheses Australian Education Index (AUSINET) Lead the reader on a journey (3 paragraphs) 5. Current index to journals in education and 1. Broad intro resources in education: locate through ERIC 2. Prior research 6. Social Science Citation Index: CDROM 3. What is missing and your purpose Example of a Good Introduction The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of color (green, blue, red, and white) on the General Introduction (paragraph 1) performance of a controlled target accuracy task. The primary purpose of this study is to test the Cardiorespiratory fitness is generally recognized as effectiveness of the Fire PALS program on fire and a major component of physical fitness. Indeed, life safety knowledge and behavioral intent of cardiorespiratory fitness is the most significant elementary school teachers. component of physical fitness in the relationship to health. Direct measurement of maximal oxygen Identifying Variables uptake (VO2 max) is the single best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness or aerobic capacity Define independent, categorical (moderator), (Åstrand & Rodahl, 1986; Mitchell, Sproule, & dependent, control, and extraneous variables Chapman, 1958; Taylor, Buskirk & Henschel, 1955). However, direct measurement is time-consuming, Developing the Research Hypotheses requires extensive laboratory equipment, and does not lend itself to testing large numbers of subjects Research hypotheses in field settings. Because of the limitations of direct ○ Expected results based on theory or measures, numerous field tests have been experience developed to estimate VO2 max ○ Stated as outcomes Null hypotheses (assumed) Background Information (paragraph 2) ○ No significant differences or relationships What for previous intro? Prediction of VO2 max from field tests requires goperforming at either a maximal or submaximal Making Your Problem and Hypotheses Clear effort, commonly running, stepping, or bicycling. Recently, Kline, Porcari, Hintermeister et al. (1987) Operational definitions developed a submaximal field test for predicting ○ Key terms with specific meaning VO, max using a 1-mile walk protocol. This test, Examples of terms needing operational definitions: which has become known as the Rockport Fitness ○ Strength Walking Test (RFWT), was developed on a broad ○ Experienced age range (30-69 years) of males and females who ○ Fatigue were heterogeneous in terms of aerobic capacity. ○ Learning These data indicate that the regression equations ○ Obesity developed by Kline, Porcari, Hintermeister et al. are Assumptions valid for adults between the ages of 30 and 69 ○ Participants will adhere to instructions years. The RFWT has been cross-validated in (refrain from exercise; follow prescribed samples of subjects 65 to 79 years old diet, etc.) (Fenstermaker, Plowman, & Looney, 1992; Limitations O'Hanley et al., 1987) and 30 to 39 years old ○ Possible shortcomings (Zwiren, Freedson, Ward, Wilke, & Rippe, 1991). ○ Weaknesses of the study ○ Aspects the investigator cannot control Lead-In to purpose (paragraph 3) Delimitations ○ Characteristics imposed by the researcher However, the Kline, Porcari, Hintermeister et al. ○ Scope of the study (1987) equations have not been validated for use Type of research participant with groups younger than those in the original Number of participants sample. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to... Measures to be collected Instruments utilized for testing Dolgener et al. (1994) Time and duration of the study Setting Writing the Statement of the Problem Type of intervention or treatment Significance of the study? Problem statement - a specific, definitive statement ○ Basic and applied research that specifies the question or issue to be ○ Seeking gaps in the research investigated in a research study (Baumgartner & ○ What has NOT been done? Hensley, 2006) The problem statement should be a single sentence Thesis vs. Journal Article that describes the problem What is the problem statement for the previous Thesis assumes a novice researcher slides? Purpose, hypotheses, limitations, etc. are explicitly stated Examples of Problem (purpose) Statements Publishers must printing contain costs; only essential information appears in print The purpose of this study is to investigate the ○ No hypothesis psychological factors related to indicators of eating ○ No limitations disorders among college female cheerleaders in ○ No delimitations lowa. The purpose of this study is to identify the general patterns of leisure participation of selected urban Chinese youth. Week 3 As with books, you need to prepare a list of journals for identifying literature relevant to your study. This REVIEW OF LITERATURE can be done as follows: - locate the hard copies of the journal that What is a review of literature? are appropriate to your study: - use the internet A literature is a "review" of "the literature" on a - look at the index of research abstracts in topic. the relevant field to identify and read the articles. What does that mean? A literature review is a summary of previous research on a "Review" usually means an overview summarizing topic. major parts and bringing them together to build a picture of what's out there. Different fields of study Advantages of Review of Literature: (and different professors) will have different standards on whether a review is supposed to be It helps the researcher look for possible theories, more of a straightforward summary or if it is concepts or principles to support his investigation. supposed to have a deep analysis and discussion. It is essential in formulating a sound research title, "The Literature" means the major writings - hypotheses, assumptions, etc. especially scholarly writings on the topic. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of Depending on your field "the literature" can include the study. all sorts of things: journal articles, books, published It proves that the study is researchable and essays, government reports, and so on. The main possesses novelty. thing is that "the literature" is the body of scholarly, lt helps to identify the statistical instrument to be professional information that is used by used in the study. professionals and scholars working on that topic lt serves as a guide to writing the findings, area. conclusions and recommendations. Related literature includes research findings, published or unpublished theories and principles Why do a Literature Review? formulated by experts or authorities in some field or discipline; and ideas or opinions of experts The purpose of a literature review is to help you contained in books, pamphlets, magazines and explain how the question to be investigated fits into periodicals. the larger picture and why you have approached It should be written in terms of the purpose of the the topic the way you have. This section of a study. scholarly report allows the reader to be brought up It should give more weight to studies considered to date regarding the state of research in the field more authoritative as evaluated and should give and familiarizes him or her to any contrasting reference to primary rather than secondary perspectives and viewpoints on the topic. sources. It should be organized thematically to conform with How do you write a Literature Review? the specific problems. It should be synthesized such that evidence from all Summarize and explain what research has been the studies reviewed would get an overall done on the topic, citing the sources as you understanding of the state of knowledge in the mention them. problem area. Point out the different ways researchers have treated the topic. Books Point out any connections between the sources especially where one source was built upon prior Comprise a central part of any bibliography. study. Advantage - material published generally is of Explain how this past work fits together to make good quality and the findings are integrated with your research question significant. Your literature other research to form a coherent body of review should present your synthesis of previous knowledge. research and lay the foundation for understanding Disadvantage - material is not completely up to your research and appreciating its value. date, as it can take a few years between the completion of a work and publication in the form of Guides to preparing the review of literature a book. Search for books in your area of interest, prepare a 1. You may need to visit a number of libraries for final list, locate these books in the libraries or articles related to your investigation. borrow from other sources. Examine their content, if 2. At the library, look into the card catalogs for titles of contents are not found to be relevant to your topic, articles, books, monographs and if necessary, ask delete it from your reading list. the help of the librarian. 3. Index cards can help you organize your materials. Journals Journals provide you with the most up-to-date information, even though there is a gap of two to three years between the completion of a research project and the publication in a journal.  Theme of the Review a. Profiles of high school English teachers b. Level of teaching performance c. Multimedia and instructional materials d. Methods or strategies and techniques for teaching English e. Competencies of teachers in communication skills f. Work attitudes of teachers 4. Refrain from copying entire chapters without proper WRITING AND PRESENTING LITERATURE REVIEW documentation or acknowledgements. Structure of review articles PLAGIARISM IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW. Literature reviews are in reality a type of research The researcher as a second party Should conform to the anatomy of a typical scholarly article According to Dela Cruz...(1999) - Abstract Dela Cruz (1999) averred that… - Introduction.... the intrusion of advanced technology and the - Methods shifting of civilization into the " third wave" - Results described by Alvin Toffler as the "Information Age - Discussion and Knowledge Revolution" paves the way for - Conclusion making education an instrument to facilitate change - References (Dela Cruz, 1999). Structure of literature review The researcher as a third party Introduction According to Dela Cruz, as cited by Palpalatoc ○ Gives a quick idea of the topic of the (1999)... literature review, such as the central theme Dela Cruz quoted Palpalatoc (1999) who averred or organizational pattern. that… Body …the intrusion of advanced technology and the ○ Contains your discussion of sources. shifting of civilization into the " third wave" Conclusions/Recommendations described by Alvin Toffler as the "Information Age ○ Discuss what you have drawn from and Knowledge Revolution" paves the way for reviewing literature so far. Where might the making education an instrument to facilitate change discussion proceed? (Dela Cruz cited by Palpalatoc, 1999). Organization of literature review 5. Make a related study on the needs and relevance of your investigation. Fraenkel, at.al., (1996) A general organization looks like a funnel outlined the steps for taking notes: - Broader topics a. Problem - Subtopics b. Hypotheses - Studies like yours c. Procedures d. Findings How to organize studies e. conclusions Chronological ○ By publication date ○ By trend Thematic ○ A structure which considers different themes Methodological ○ Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches Making links between studies Agreements 6. If you wish to combine professional and related studies, make a theme of your review based on the Similarly, author B points to… important variables of the study. Likewise, author C makes the case that… Author D also makes this point… A thematic approach to writing a review of related Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees literature makes it logical, systematic and convenient with author to the researcher. Disagreements Example However, author B points to… Research title: Determinants of teaching Performance of On the other hand, author C makes the case that… Secondary School English Teachers  Conversely, Author D argues… Reporting verbs Nevertheless, what author E suggests... Argue Summary table Assert Assume It is useful to prepare. Challenge Such a table provides a quick overview that allows Claim the reviewer to make sense of a large mass of Contend information. Contradict The tables could include columns with headings Describe such as Dispute ○ Author Emphasize ○ type of study Establish ○ Sample Examine ○ Design Find ○ data collection approach Maintain ○ key findings Note Object Summary table of literature Atmospherics in service Observe environments Persuade Propose Prove Purport Recommend Refute Reject Remark Suggest Support Verb tenses - Present A statement about what the thesis, chapter or section does Examples: - This thesis presents a report of an investigation into....... - This chapter thus provides a basis for the Citation Styles next. - In this section, the results from the first set Information prominent citation of experiments are reported. Example: A statement of a generally accepted scientific fact - For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the Examples: time- dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important (Boger et - There are three factors that control the al., 1974). concentration of aluminum in seawater. - The finite rate coefficients have an effect on Author prominent citation heat transfer through a horizontal porous layer. Examples: Verb tenses - Past - Close (1983) developed a simplified theory using an analogy between heat and mass Report the contents, findings, or conclusions of the transfer and the equivalent heat transfer past research. only case. - Several authors have suggested that Present - perfect automated testing should be more readily accepted (Balcer, 1989; Stahl, 1989; Several authors Carver & Tai, 1991). Generalize about the extent of the previous research Active or Passive Voice The Writing Process You should use, where appropriate, both active and passive voice Rough Draft As a general rule, use active voice unless there is Final Draft good reason not to Edit Edit Again Show others All theories and frameworks are considered tentative Clarity - easily to understand Flows - Does the organization make sense Theoretical Framework Completeness - are there areas left out, question left unanswered, statement without citation Thought of as a map or travel plan Important to consider relevant theory underpinning Good Literature must be… the knowledge base of the phenomena under study Kinds of questions that cross our minds (Sinclair, Focused - should be narrow and focus 2007) Concise - ideas presented economically ○ What do I know about the phenomenon Logical - the flow within and among paragraphs is that I want to study? smooth, logical progression ○ What types of knowledge are available to Developed - Don’t left the story half told me (empirical, non-empirical, tacit, intuitive, Integrative - your paper should stress how ideas in moral or ethical)? the current studies are related ○ What theory will best guide my practice or Current - cutting edge of your topic (2019-recent) research work? ○ Is this theory proven through theory-linked Pitfalls research? ○ What other theories are relevant to this Vagueness due to too much or inappropriate practice? generalization ○ How can I apply these theories and findings Limited range in practice/research? Insufficient information Irrelevant materials Omission of contrasting view Omission of current works Emanate from theories that influence a research or underpin a construct under study Common Errors Theories could be from a singular influence (discipline) or from a multidisciplinary vantage point Hurrying through review to get started could mean Could comprise of that you will something ○ several constructs (attachment or Relying too much in secondary sources psychotherapy research; mentalization, Overlooking sources other than journals complex trauma) or Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic ○ ideas about particular participants (young Inaccuracy in the compiling of bibliographic adults, elderly, preschool children, information migrants) or ○ could even be around different outcomes Chapter 2 (psychopathy, HIV + status, reduction in a. Theory psy-symptom). b. Literature Example 1 - Maternal Depression c. Studies d. Conceptual Framework Psychologists have been talking about depression e. Hypotheses and its links to poor early childhood adversities; philosophers, psychologists talk about women's Week 4 vulnerability to developing depression THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK "There's no baby without the mother' - early mother- child relationship is studied in details Framework Example 2: Attachment A framework provides an explicit explanation why the problem under study exists by showing how the Theory developed from child development, ethology variables relate to each other and psychoanalysis Infants are preprogrammed to seek safety, security A Theory (proven) of ties and proximity with a caregiver/s Different types of insecurities- diff types of A theory comprises a generalization that attachment styles- continue in adulthood systematically explains the relationship between A dimensional concept phenomena. Secure attachment is the norm across cultures Its basic components are concepts Secure attachment a prophylaxis against Thus the theory is a set of statements, each of psychopathology which expresses a relationship among the concepts Sometimes TF may not be easily identified Overall objectives of theories and framework Esp. if studies are multidisciplinary at the interface To make scientific findings meaningful and of different disciplines and diff methodologies being generalizable used To summarize existing knowledge into coherent systems and stimulate new research by providing Research has a beginning and an endpoint testing both direction and impetus certain 'outcomes'  Concepts move from being completely abstract and ○ Once developed will influence the unconnected to becoming a tentative or loose researcher's thinking and may result in framework to explore and test theory some things being given prominence and others being ignored - ongoing blas. Conceptual Framework The solution is to revisit the conceptual framework, particularly at the end when evaluating your work It is like a process that involves mapping out or visualizing these theoretical threads to form some Can we make a framework or model of our own? diagrammatic representation of inter-relatedness Let's give it a go Sinclair M. (2007) Editorial: A guide to understanding theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Evidence Based Midwifery 5(2): 39 When we conceptualize Definitions What is the meaning of the word or term or idea What is the actual use of the word What are the boundaries within which a term operates What are the contrary examples of the word Concepts Enable interpretation of a subject Analyze complex subject matter Synthesize separate pieces of a subject matter into a unit Perceive similarities and differences Enable us to make value judgments Extend our knowledge DEVELOPING YOUR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework describes and explains the concepts to be used in the study, their relationships with each other, and how they are to be measured. Developing your conceptual framework requires five main steps: 1. Identifying the relevant concepts. 2. Defining those concepts. 3. Operationalising the concepts. 4. Identifying any moderating or intervening variables. 5. Identifying the relationship between variables. Why are conceptual frameworks useful? Conceptual frameworks provide researchers with: ○ The ability to move beyond descriptions of 'what' to explanations of 'why and how'. ○ A means of setting out an explanation set that might be used to define and make sense of the data that flow from the research question. ○ A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions and related data collection methods. ○ A reference point/structure for the discussion of the literature, methodology and results. ○ The boundaries of the work. What are the limitations of a conceptual framework? Conceptual frameworks, however, also have problems in that the framework: ○ Is influenced by the experience and knowledge of the individual -Initial bias.