Notes _ India.pptx
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Introduction : The founder of classical India civilizations were the Aryans. They were the people who praised their gods in the form of hymns called Rig Veda. Knowledge about their culture is deduced by social scientists from the verse of the Rig Veda and other succeeding Vedas that were written aft...
Introduction : The founder of classical India civilizations were the Aryans. They were the people who praised their gods in the form of hymns called Rig Veda. Knowledge about their culture is deduced by social scientists from the verse of the Rig Veda and other succeeding Vedas that were written afterwards. Their Hindu beliefs became the foundation of other Indian religions that emerged later on. Introduction : South, North and central Asia share histories of dominant cultures, like the Aryans and Mongols, and Religions, like Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. In this Lesson, we shall study about the civilization in India (Aryan Period, Kingdom of Magadha, Mauryan Empire, Kushana Kingdom, Gupta Empire, Mughal Introduction : Indian civilization spread across the world, to Cambodia(kambuja in Sanskrit); in Java (Yava); and in Sumatra. Indian traders established Settlements in Southern China, in the Malayan Peninsula, in Arabia, Egypt and Persia. Through Persia and Arabs, the Indians became known to the West. Flag and its Represen Ashoka Chakra Major Land and Water Climat e of The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography, making generalisations difficult. Analysed according to the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from desert in the west, to alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, to humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. The nation has four seasons: winter Seasons Climate 1. Winter - occurring between January and March. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20–25 °C (68– 77 °F) in mainland India's southeast. 2. Summer or premonsoon - lasting from March to June (April to July in northwestern India). In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions, May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of the Seasons Climate 3. Monsoon - lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. 4. Postmonsoon - lasting from October to December. South India typically receives more precipitation. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. In northwestern India, October and November are usually cloudless. Parts of the country List of India’s Contribu 1. Religions - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism 2. Yoga 3. Literature First fable (Panchatantra) First dramatic masterpieces - The Clay Cart by Sudakara and Sakuntala by Kalidasa The Great Epics - Mahabharata and Ramayana World's Greatest Philosophical Poem - Bhagavad Gita 1. Indian Arts and architecture Stupa dome Pagoda spire (also claimed by China) Taj Mahal and other palaces and temples 1. Music and Dance Classical Dance Styles - Waltz and Foxtrot Guitar Flute Violin Temple bells 1. Mathematics 2. Astronomy 3. Algebra 4. Algorithm 5. Geometry 6. Concept of zero 7. Square root and cube root 8. Classical India did cataract, plastic surgery, dental surgery. 9. Games - Chess, Snakes and ladders, Playing cards, Dice, and Assignment : Read the history of India during the Early days found in your Civics book. 1. The Aryan Period Pp. 115-118 2. The Kingdom of Magadha Pp. 118-119 3. Mauryan Empire Pp. 119-123 4. The Kushana Kingdom Pp. 123-124 5. The Gupta Empire Pp. 124-128 6. The Mughal Empire Pp. 128-134 Early Days of India The Aryan Period - Vedas is a general term covering a vast body of sacred hymns, prayers, charms and sacrificial formulas as well as prose passages of explication and philosophical speculation. - The Rig Veda is the oldest among the Vedic literature. It is estimated to have been written in the Sanskrit language between 1500- 800 CE, making it the oldest religious text in the world. It consists of 1,028 mantras/hymns. - Through time, other Vedas were composed to supplement the Rig Veda 1. Sama Veda (A hymn book) Sociopolitical Organization Tribal leader or Chief called Raja (A war leader and responsible for the defense of the tribe) was elected by the tribe. A Raja was assisted by two tribal assemblies 1. Sabha - council of leaders 2. Samiti - general assembly The basic unit of Aryan society was the Family. Religion The Aryans worshipped several deities who were chiefly embodiments of natural elements and forces such as the sky, air, earth, and water. They performed rituals facilitated by the priests Indra - God of war and weather Varuna - Guardian of the cosmic order. Rudra - is identified with Shiva (The destroyer God of Hindus). At center of the Aryan cult is sacrifice. Economy The early Aryan economy was agricultural and pastoral. Cattle played important role in economy. Later on learned how to cultivate rice. Irrigation and the use of manure as fertilizer were practiced. Other crops were raised aside from rice. Some people become jewellers, goldsmiths, The kingdom of magadha - Founded by Bimsiara Magadha - Situated in the Ganghes River - Source of India’s two major religion 1. Jainism 2. Buddhism - Believed in Samsara (wandering) and Karma - Ended by Alexander the Great Mauryan empire - Founded by Chandragupta Maurya (cultivator) and ruled for 25 years and died due to fasting. (Religious form of suicide) - The capital is in Pataliputra - The city was described by Megasthenes as the city of Magnificent palaces, temples, gardens, and park - He was largely influenced by his prime minister Kautilya. - Succeeded by Ashoka (One of the greatest emperors in the world history) He is a viceroy (a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf Kushana Kingdom - Vima Kadphises as the leader of Kushans. - This period achieved the power during under the reign of Kanishka (The second leader) - He promoted Buddhism. The gupta empire - Founded by (1) Chandra Gupta I during 320 CE and crowned himself as Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings) - His successor was his son named (2) Samudra Gupta. - He was the great patron of arts, music, literature and others and was dubbed as the poet king - (3) Chandra Gupta : The empire reached its peak Implementation of Caste system Code of Manu (Laws about food and Marriage) Literature flourished : Ramayana and Caste System - (3) Chandra Gupta : The empire reached its peak Ajanta Caves Circle of poets Known as Navaratnas or the Nine Gems of Jewels. ( Nine scholars) - Like Kalidasa (The greatest of them : Lyricist, poet and dramatist), knows as the greatest poet in India - Varahamihira (astronomer) - The emperors that succeeded Chandra Gupta II were not able to equal his style of running the The Mughal empire - Founded by (1) Babur which means the “Lion “ and died at the age of 47. - His son named (2) Humayun with his (3) son Akbar (13 yrs old) inherited the empire - Akbar was an efficient (productive) wise and fair ruler. He declared himself as final arbiter ( who settles disagreement) : term from Qur’an and Sharia (islamic law. Sati or widow-burning He ordered the construction of Agra fort. Fatehpur Sikri Agra Red fort It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty till 1638 fatehpur sikri capital of the Mughal Empire for only some 10 years - Akbar’s reign was threatened by the rebellion of his son (4) Prince Salim. (Patron of arts, dance, writing, music and builder) and married Noor Jahan - 13 yrs old widow. - He died at the age of 63 due to Dysentery (is a gastrointestinal disease) - He strengthened the empire for 20 years. And married many times. - He had a son name (5) Shah Jahan and succeeded him in year 1628. - Shah Jahan Built the Jama Masijid and ( the largest Mosque in India found in Delhi) Jama Masjid Mosque Pearl - The building of Taj Mahal which a mausoleum for his favorite wife named Mumtaz Mahal. - (6) Aurangzeb succeeded his throne who rebelled against his father. He eliminated his brother Imprisoned his father in Agra’s Red Fort until Shah Jahan died while looking at the Taj Mahal He dislike music and a simple person - It ended due to European conquest. Instructions : Name the following pictures below using the description provided beside the image. Write your answers in your Civics notebook (Front part) and put a label “Assignment - India”. It will be collected on Thursday together with the seatwork 2.6. Seatwork 2.6 (India) : Answer directly and submit it on Thursday. _____________1. He founded the Gupta Empire in 320 CE. _____________ 2. It was a group of nine scholars who did not only excel in Sanskrit literary arts but in other fields as well. _____________3. It is the oldest among the vedic literature and the oldest religious text in the world. _____________4. He was the first leader of the Kushans. Seatwork 2.6 (India) _____________6. He founded the Mughal Empire and his name is known in history as “the lion”. _____________7. God of Guardian of the cosmic order. _____________8. He was a great patron of the arts, music, literature, and others. _____________9. A practice known as widow-burning and was banned by Akbar. _____________10. He was a member of Navaratnas and known as a great astronomer. _____________11. Greatest poet in India. _____________12. The biggest Muslim Mosque built by Shah Jahan. Seatwork 2.6 (India) _____________13. The basic unit of Aryan Society _____________14. God of war and weather. _____________15. He is the destroyer in Hindu and Supreme God of Hinduism. 16-20. Illustrate the caste system. Give one example in each.